英语词源字典 - 在线词源网站

drowsy (adj.)[drowsy 词源字典]: 1520s, probably ultimately from Old English drusan, drusian "sink," also "become languid, slow, or inactive" (related to dreosan "to fall"), from Proto-Germanic *drus- (see dreary). But there is no record of it in Middle English. Related: Drowsily; drowsiness.[drowsy etymology, drowsy origin, 英语词源]
drub (v.): 1630s (in an Oriental travel narrative), probably from Arabic darb "a beating," from daraba "he beat up" (see discussion in OED). Related: Drubbed; Drubbing.
drudge (n.): late 15c., "one employed in mean, servile, or distasteful work," missing in Old English and Middle English, unless it is represented by Middle English druggen "do menial or monotonous work; druggunge, mid-13c., which are perhaps from Old English dreogan "to work, suffer, endure" (see endure). The verb is from 1540s. Related: Drudged; drudging. The surname is from 13c., probably from Old French dragie "a mixture of grains sown together," thus, a grower of this crop.
drudgery (n.): 1540s, from drudge + -ery.
drug (n.): late 14c. (early 14c. in Anglo-French), "medicine, chemical ingredients," from Old French droge "supply, stock, provision" (14c.), which is of unknown origin, perhaps from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German droge-vate "dry barrels," or droge waere, literally "dry wares," but specifically drugs and spices, with first element mistaken as word for the contents (see dry goods), or because medicines mostly consisted of dried herbs.

Compare Latin species, in Late Latin "wares," then specialized to "spices" (French épice, English spice). The same source produced Italian and Spanish droga, Swedish drog.

Application to "narcotics and opiates" is late 19c., though association with "poisons" is 1500s. Druggie first recorded 1968. To be a drug on or in the market (mid-17c.) is of doubtful connection and may be a different word, perhaps a play on drag, which was sometimes drug c. 1240-1800.
drug (v.): c. 1600, from drug (n.). Related: drugged; drugging.
drug store (n.): also drug-store, 1810, American English, from drug (n.) + store (n.). Drug-store cowboy is 1925, American English slang, originally one who dressed like a Westerner but obviously wasn't.
druggist (n.): 1610s, from French droguiste, from droge (see drug (n.)). Earlier drugger (1590s).
drugs (n.): "narcotics, opiates, etc.," 1883, from drug (n.).
Druid (n.): 1560s, from French druide, from Latin druidae (plural), from Gaulish Druides, from Celtic compound *dru-wid-, probably representing Old Celtic *derwos "true"/PIE *dru- "tree" (especially oak; see tree (n.)) + *wid- "to know" (see vision). Hence, literally, perhaps, "they who know the oak" (perhaps in allusion to divination from mistletoe). Anglo-Saxon, too, used identical words to mean "tree" and "truth" (treow).

The English form comes via Latin, not immediately from Celtic. The Old Irish form was drui (dative and accusative druid; plural druad); Modern Irish and Gaelic draoi, genitive druadh "magician, sorcerer." Not to be confused with United Ancient Order of Druids, secret benefit society founded in London 1781.
Druidess (n.): 1755, from Druid + -ess. Formerly, Druid had been used indifferently of both sexes.
Druidic (adj.): 1773, from Druid + -ic. Related: Druidical.
drum (n.): 1540s, probably from Middle Dutch tromme "drum," common Germanic (compare German Trommel, Danish tromme, Swedish trumma), probably of imitative origin. Not common before 1570s. Slightly older, and more common at first, was drumslade, apparently from Dutch or Low German trommelslag. Machinery sense attested from 1740, from similarity of shape.
drum (v.): 1570s, from drum (n.). To drum (up) business, etc., is American English 1839, from the old way of drawing a crowd.
drumlin (n.): 1833, diminutive of drum (1725) "ridge or long, narrow hill," often separating two parallel valleys, from Gaelic and Irish druim "back, ridge."
drummer (n.): 1570s, agent noun from drum (v.).
Drummond light (n.): "torch that burns calcium oxide (lime) and gives off intense white light," 1854, named for Scottish engineer Capt. Thomas Drummond, R.E., (1797-1840), who invented it c. 1825.
drumstick (n.): 1580s, from drum (n.) + stick (n.); applied to the lower joint of cooked fowl 1764.
drunk (adj.): past participle of drink, used as an adjective from mid-14c. in sense "intoxicated." In various expressions, such as "drunk as a lord" (1891); Chaucer has "dronke ... as a Mous" (c. 1386); and, from 1709, "as Drunk as a Wheelbarrow." Medieval folklore distinguished four successive stages of drunkenness, based on the animals they made men resemble: sheep, lion, ape, sow. Drunk driver first recorded 1948. Drunk-tank "jail cell for drunkards" attested by 1912, American English. The noun meaning "drunken person" is from 1852; earlier this would have been a drunkard.
drunkard (n.): 1520s, droncarde, but probably older (attested from late 13c. as a surname, Druncard), from Middle English dronken, participial adjective from drunk (q.v.), + -ard.