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bishop [bishop 词源字典]: bishop: [OE] Bishop originally had no ecclesiastical connections; its Greek source, episkopos, at first meant simply ‘overseer’, from epi- ‘around’ and skopein ‘look’ (antecedent of English scope, and related to spy). From the general sense, it came to be applied as the term for various government officials, and was waiting to be called into service for a ‘church officer’ as Christianity came into being and grew. The Greek word was borrowed into ecclesiastical Latin as episcopus (source of French évêque), and in more popular parlance lost its e-, giving *biscopus, which was acquired by English in the 9th century.
=> scope, spy[bishop etymology, bishop origin, 英语词源]
potshot: potshot: [19] A potshot was originally a shot taken at an animal or bird simply in order to kill it for food – in order to get it into the ‘pot’, in other words – rather than in accordance with the strict code and precise techniques of shooting as a ‘sport’. Indeed to begin with it was distinctly a contemptuous term among the hunting and shooting fraternity. But gradually it broadened out in meaning to any ‘casually aimed shot’.
shoal: shoal: English has two distinct words shoal. ‘Shallow area’ [16] is descended from the Old English adjective sceald ‘shallow’, which in turn came from prehistoric Germanic *skaldaz. (English shallow [15] is related, although it is not clear precisely how.) Shoal of fish [16] is simply a reborrowing of Middle Dutch schōle, which had earlier been taken over as school.
=> school
shock: shock: English has two words shock in current general usage. Shock ‘heavy blow, unpleasant surprise’ [16] was borrowed from French choc, a derivative of the verb choquer ‘strike’, whose origins are unknown. Shock ‘thick shaggy mass of hair’ [19] is a nominalization of an earlier adjective shock ‘thick and shaggy’ [17], but it is not clear where this came from. It has been linked with the obsolete shough, which referred to a sort of dog, and another possibility is that it is connected with the now little used shock ‘stack of sheaves of corn’ [14]. This was probably borrowed from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German schok.
shoe: shoe: [OE] Shoe is a strictly Germanic word, with no living relatives in other branches of the Indo- European language family. It comes from a prehistoric Germanic *skōkhaz, which is probably descended ultimately from the Indo- European base *skeu- ‘cover’. Its cousins are German schuh, Dutch schoen, and Swedish and Danish sko. Until the early modern English period shoon vied with shoes as its plural; and the archaic past form of the verb, shod, still survives.
=> shod
shoot: shoot: [OE] Like sheet, shout, shut, and perhaps skit [15], shoot goes back ultimately to the prehistoric Germanic base *skeut-, *skaut-, *skut- ‘project’. This formed the basis of a verb *skeutan, which evolved into German schiessen, Dutch schieten, Swedish skjuta, and Danish skyde as well as English shoot. The noun shot comes from the same source.
=> sheet, shot, shout, shut
shop: shop: [13] The word shop had humble beginnings. It goes back to a prehistoric Germanic *skoppan, which denoted a small additional structure, such as a lean-to shed or a porch. There is one isolated example of an Old English descendant of this – sceoppa, which denoted a ‘treasury’ – but this does not appear to have survived. The modern English word was borrowed from Old French eschoppe ‘booth, stall’, which in turn had got it from Middle Low German schoppe.

German dialect schopf ‘shed, shelter’ comes from the same source. The verb shop originated in the 16th century, in the sense ‘imprison’ (reflecting a now obsolete slang use of the noun shop for ‘prison’). This is the ancestor of modern British slang shop ‘inform against’. The sense ‘visit shops to buy things’ emerged in the mid 18th century.
shore: shore: English has two words shore. The one meaning ‘land at the water’s edge’ [14] was borrowed from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German schōre, which probably came from the Germanic base *skur- ‘cut’ (source also of English score, shear, etc). Shore ‘support’ [14], as in ‘shore up’, comes from Middle Dutch schōren ‘prop’, a word of unknown origin.
=> share, shear, short
short: short: [OE] Etymologically, something that is short has been ‘cut off’. The word’s immediate Germanic ancestor was *skurtaz, which was descended from an extension of the Indo- European base *sker- ‘cut’ (source also of English score, share, shear, etc). Another version of the base, without the s, was the source of Latin curtus ‘short’, which has produced English curt and curtail, and also supplied the word for ‘short’ in the other Germanic languages (German kurz and Dutch, Swedish, and Danish kort), as well of course as the Romance languages (French court, Italian and Spanish corto, and Romanian scurt).

The shirt and the skirt are etymologically ‘short’ garments.
=> curt, curtail, score, share, shear, shore, short, skirt
shot: shot: [OE] Shot goes back to a prehistoric Germanic *skutaz, which was derived from the same base that produced English shoot. It used to mean ‘payment’ as well as ‘act of shooting’, a sense shared by its Old Norse relative skot, which provided English with the scot of scotfree [16] (etymologically ‘without having to pay’).
=> scot-free, shoot
should: should: [OE] Should started life as the past tense of shall. It preserves the word’s original connotations of ‘obligation’ which have all but disappeared from shall.
=> shall
shoulder: shoulder: [OE] Shoulder is a general West Germanic word, with relatives in German schulter and Dutch schouder (it was also borrowed into Swedish and Danish as skuldra and skulder respectively). It goes back to a prehistoric *skuldr-, but where this came from is not clear. One suggestion is that it is distantly related to English shield, and originally denoted ‘shoulder-blade’ (the underlying meaning being ‘flat piece’).
shout: shout: [14] The origins of shout are disputed. One school of thought traces it back to the prehistoric Germanic base *skeut-, *skaut-, *skut- ‘project’ (source of English sheet and shoot), as if its etymological meaning were ‘throw one’s voice out forcibly’, while another views it as a borrowing from Old Norse skúta ‘taunt’, which may be a distant relative of Greek kudázein ‘abuse’.
shove: shove: [OE] Shove was originally a perfectly respectable, neutral verb for ‘push forcefully, thrust’, but over the centuries it has come down in the world, acquiring connotations of rudeness. In common with German schieben and Dutch schuiven it goes back to a prehistoric Germanic *skeuban. This was formed from a base which also produced English scuffle [16], sheaf [OE], shuffle [16], and indeed shovel [OE] (etymologically an ‘implement for shoving’), and may be distantly related to Lithuanian skubus ‘quick’ and Old Church Slavonic skubati ‘pull’.
=> scuffle, sheaf, shovel, shuffle
show: show: [OE] Show originally meant ‘look at’. Its modern senses – basically ‘cause to look at’ – did not begin to develop until the early Middle English period. It comes from a prehistoric West Germanic *skauwōjan, whose German descendant schauen still means ‘look at’ (and whose Flemish descendant scauwen gave English scavenger). This in turn was derived from the base *skau- ‘see, look’, source also of English sheen and German schön ‘beautiful’.

And the ultimate ancestor of *skau- was an Indo- European base which also produced Greek keein ‘observe’ and Latin cavēre ‘beware’ (source of English caution [13] and caveat [16]).
=> caution, caveat, scavenger, scone, sheen
shower: shower: [OE] Shower comes from a prehistoric West Germanic *skūra, which also produced German schauer and Dutch schoer. Its ultimate ancestry is uncertain.
threshold: threshold: [OE] The first element of threshold is identical with English thresh [OE]. This seems to go back ultimately to a prehistoric source that denoted ‘making noise’ (the apparently related Old Church Slavonic tresku meant ‘crash’, and Lithuanian has trešketi ‘crack, rattle’). By the time it reached Germanic, as *thresk-, it was probably being used for ‘stamp the feet noisily’, and it is this secondary notion of ‘stamping’ or ‘treading’ that lies behind threshold – as being something you ‘tread’ on as you go through a door. Thresh by the time it reached English had specialized further still, to mean ‘separate grains from husks by stamping’, and this later evolved to simply ‘separate grains from husks’. Thrash [OE], which originated as a variant of thresh, has taken the further semantic step to ‘beat, hit’.

It is not known where the second element of threshold came from.
=> thrash, thresh
aftershock (n.): also after-shock, 1894, from after + shock (n.1).
almshouse (n.): mid-15c., from alms + house (n.).
alongshore (adj.): 1779, from along + shore (n.).
anguishous (adj.): early 13c., from Old French angoissos, from angoisse (see anguish (n.)). Related: Anguishously.
archbishop (n.): Old English ærcebiscop, from Late Latin archiepiscopus, from Greek arkhi- "chief" (see archon) + episkopos "bishop," literally "overseer." Replaced earlier Old English heah biscop (see bishop). The spelling conformed to Latin from 12c.
archbishopric (n.): Old English arcebiscoprice, from archbishop + rice "realm, dominion, province" (see regal).
ashore (adv.): 1580s, "toward the shore," from a- (1) + shore (n.). Meaning "on the shore" is from 1630s. Middle English had ashore (late 15c.), but it meant "on a slant," literally "propped up," from shore (v.).
asshole (n.): variant of arsehole (also see ass (n.2)). Meaning "contemptible person," mid-1930s.
barber-shop (n.): 1570s, from barber + shop (n.). Earlier in same sense was barbery (c. 1500). Barber-shop in reference to close harmony male vocal quartets, it is attested from 1910; the custom of barber's keeping a musical instrument in their shops so waiting customers could entertain themselves is an old one, but the musical product had a low reputation and barber's music (c. 1660) was "wretched, poorly performed music."
big shot (n.): "important person," 1929, American English, from Prohibition-era gangster slang; earlier in the same sense was great shot (1861). Ultimately a reference to large type of gunshot.
bishop (n.): Old English bisceop "bishop, high priest (Jewish or pagan)," from Late Latin episcopus, from Greek episkopos "watcher, overseer," a title for various government officials, later taken over in a Church sense, from epi- "over" (see epi-) + skopos "one that watches, one that looks after; a guardian, protector" (see scope (n.1)). Given a specific sense in the Church, but the word also was used in the New Testament as a descriptive title for elders, and continues as such in some non-hierarchical Christian sects.
A curious example of word-change, as effected by the genius of different tongues, is furnished by the English bishop and the French évêque. Both are from the same root, furnishing, perhaps the only example of two words from a common stem so modifying themselves in historical times as not to have a letter in common. (Of course many words from a far off Aryan stem are in the same condition.) The English strikes off the initial and terminal syllables, leaving only piscop, which the Saxon preference for the softer labial and hissing sounds modified into bishop. Évêque (formerly evesque) merely softens the p into v and drops the last syllable. [William S. Walsh, "Handy-Book of Literary Curiosities," Philadelphia, J.B. Lippincott, 1892]
Late Latin episcopus in Spanish became obispo. Cognate with Old Saxon biscop, Old High German biscof. The chess piece (formerly archer, before that alfin) was so called from 1560s.
bishopric (n.): Old English bisceoprice "diocese, province of a bishop," from bishop + rice "realm, dominion, province" (see regal).
bloodshot (adj.): also blood-shot, 1550s, short for bloodshotten (c. 1500), from blood (n.) + old past participle of shoot.
buckshot (n.): coarse kind of shot used for deer and other large game, 1776, from buck (n.1) + shot (n.).
cannon-shot (n.): "distance a cannon will throw a ball," 1570s, from cannon (n.) + shot (n.).
Chisholm Trail: 1866, from Jesse Chisholm (c. 1806-1868), halfbreed Cherokee trader and government agent who first plied it. The surname is from a barony in England, probably from Old English cisel "gravel."
cold shoulder (n.): 1816, in the figurative sense of "icy reception," first in Sir Walter Scott, probably originally a literal figure, but commonly used with a punning reference to "cold shoulder of mutton," considered a poor man's dish and thus, perhaps, something one would set out for an unwanted guest with deliberate intention to convey displeasure.
How often have we admired the poor knight, who, to avoid the snares of bribery and dependence, was found making a second dinner from a cold shoulder of mutton, above the most affluent courtier, who had sold himself to others for a splendid pension! ["No Fiction," 1820]
dishonest (adj.): late 14c., from Old French deshoneste (13c., Modern French déshonnête) "dishonorable, horrible, indecent," perhaps from a Medieval Latin or Gallo-Roman compound of Latin dis- "not" (see dis-) + honestus "honorable" (see honest). The Latin formation was dehonestus. Related: Dishonestly.
dishonesty (n.): late 14c., "disgrace, shame, want of honor," from Old French deshonesté (13c.) "dishonor, impropriety," from des- (see dis-) + Latin honestatem "honorableness" (see honesty). Meaning "want of honesty" is recorded from 1590s.
dishonor (v.): mid-13c., from Old French deshonorer (12c.), from Late Latin dishonorare (reformed from classical Latin dehonestare), from dis- "opposite of" (see dis-) + honorare (see honor). Related: Dishonored; dishonoring.
dishonor (n.): c. 1300, from Old French deshonor (12c.); see dishonor (v.).
dishonorable (adj.): 1530s; see dis- + honorable. Related: Dishonorably.
dishonour: chiefly British English spelling of dishonor; also see -or. Related: Dishonoured; dishonouring; dishonourable; dishonourably.
earshot (n.): also ear-shot, c. 1600, from ear (n.1) + shot (n.) in the sense of "range" (as in bowshot).
eye-shot (n.
eye-shot (n.): also eyeshot, "range of vision," 1580s, from eye (n.) + shot (n.) in the sense of "range" (as in bowshot).
foreshorten (v.): c. 1600, from fore- + shorten. Related: Foreshortened; foreshortening.
grapeshot (n.): also grape-shot, 1747, from grape + shot (n.). So called for its appearance. Originally simply grape (1680s), a collective singular. The whiff of grapeshot was popularized in English from 1837, from Carlyle's history of the French Revolution (in which it was a chapter title).
grasshopper (n.): popular name of insects with hind legs suited to jumping, mid-14c. (late 13c. as a surname), earlier greshoppe (c. 1200), from Old English gærshoppa; see grass + hopper (n.1). Similar formation in Middle Swedish gräshoppare, German Grashüpfer. As a term of reproach, from Eccl. xii:5. Also recorded c. 1300 as a name for the hare.
gumshoe (n.): "plainclothes detective," 1906, from the rubber-soled shoes they wore (allowing stealthy movement), which were so called from 1863 (gums "rubber shoes" is attested by 1859); from gum (n.1) + shoe (n.).
gunshot (n.): also gun-shot, early 15c., "the firing of a gun," from gun (n.) + shot (n.). Meaning "range of a gun or cannon" is from 1530s.
hartshorn (n.): "ammonium carbonate," Old English heortes hornes, from hart + horn (n.). So called because a main early source of ammonia was the antlers of harts.
head shop (n.): emporium for stoner gear, by 1969 (noted in 1966 as the name of a specific shop in New York City selling psychedelic stuff), from head (n.) in the drug sense.