英语词源字典 - 在线词源网站

batter (v.)[batter 词源字典]: "strike repeatedly, beat violently and rapidly," early 14c., from Old French batre "to beat, strike" (11c., Modern French battre "to beat, to strike"), from Latin battuere "to beat, strike," an old word in Latin, but almost certainly borrowed from Gaulish, from PIE root *bhau- "to strike" (cognates: Welsh bathu "beat;" Old English beadu "battle," beatan "to beat," bytl "hammer, mallet"). Began to be widely used 1962 in reference to domestic abuse. Related: Battered; battering. Battering-ram is an ancient weapon (Latin aries), but the word attested only from 1610s.[batter etymology, batter origin, 英语词源]
beat up (v.): "thrash, strike repeatedly," c. 1900 (v.), from beat (v.). Beat-up as an adjectival phrase meaning "worn-out" dates to 1946.
beaten (adj.): "hammered" (of metal, etc.), c. 1300, from past participle of beat (v.), which alternates with beat with some distinctions of sense. Meaning "defeated" is from 1560s; that of "repeatedly struck" is from 1590s.
eftsoons (adv.): obsolete or archaic way of saying "soon afterward," from Old English eftsona "a second time, repeatedly, soon after, again," from eft "afterward, again, a second time" (from Proto-Germanic *aftiz, from PIE root *apo- "off, away;" see apo-) + sona "immediately" (see soon). With adverbial genitive. Not in living use since 17c.
madrasah (n.): Islamic college, 1620s, from Arabic madrasah, literally "a place of study," from locative prefix ma- + stem of darasa "he read repeatedly, he studied," which is related to Hebrew darash (compare midrash).
pound (v.): "hit repeatedly," from Middle English pounen, from Old English punian "crush, pulverize, beat, bruise," from West Germanic *puno- (cognates: Low German pun, Dutch puin "fragments"). With intrusive -d- from 16c. Sense of "beat, thrash" is from 1790. Related: Pounded; pounding.
practice (v.): c. 1400, "to do, act;" early 15c., "to follow or employ; to carry on a profession," especially medicine, from Old French pratiser, practiser "to practice," alteration of practiquer, from Medieval Latin practicare "to do, perform, practice," from Late Latin practicus "practical," from Greek praktikos "practical" (see practical).

From early 15c. as "to perform repeatedly to acquire skill, to learn by repeated performance;" mid-15c. as "to perform, to work at, exercise." Related: Practiced; practicing.
pummel (v.): 1540s, alteration of pommel in the verbal sense of "to beat repeatedly." In early use pumble, poumle; current spelling from c. 1600. Related: Pummeled; pummeling.
rebate (v.): late 14c., "to reduce;" early 15c., "to deduct, subtract," from Old French rabattre "beat down, drive back," also "deduct," from re- "repeatedly" (see re-) + abattre "beat down" (see abate). Meaning "to pay back (a sum) as a rebate" is from 1957. Related: Rebated; rebating.
renown (n.): c. 1300, from Anglo-French renoun, Old French renon "renown, fame, reputation," from renomer "make famous," from re- "repeatedly" (see re-) + nomer "to name," from Latin nominare "to name" (see nominate). The Middle English verb reknouen "make known, acknowledge" has been assimilated to the noun via renowned. In old German university slang, a reknowner (German renommist) was "a boaster, a swaggerer."
repast (n.): late 14c., from Old French repast (Modern Frech repas) "a meal, food," from Late Latin repastus "meal" (also source of Spanish repasto, noun use of past participle of repascere "to feed again," from Latin re- "repeatedly" (see re-) + pascere "to graze" (see pastor). The verb (intransitive) is from late 15c.
repeated (adj.): "frequent," 1610s, past participle adjective from repeat (v.). Related: Repeatedly.
reputation (n.): mid-14c., "credit, good reputation," from Latin reputationem (nominative reputatio) "consideration, a thinking over," noun of action from past participle stem of reputare "reflect upon, reckon, count over," from re- "repeatedly" (see re-) + putare "to reckon, consider" (see putative).
require (v.): late 14c., "to ask a question, inquire," from Old French requerre "seek, procure; beg, ask, petition; demand," from Vulgar Latin *requaerere, from Latin requirere "seek to know, ask," from re-, here perhaps meaning "repeatedly" (see re-), + quaerere "ask, seek" (see query (v.)).

The original sense of this word has been taken over by request (v.). Sense of "demand (someone) to do (something)" is from 1751, via the notion of "to ask for imperatively, or as a right" (late 14c.). Related: Required; requiring.
traffic (n.): c. 1500, "trade, commerce," from Middle French trafique (15c.), from Italian traffico (14c.), from trafficare "carry on trade," of uncertain origin, perhaps from a Vulgar Latin *transfricare "to rub across," from Latin trans- "across" (see trans-) + fricare "to rub" (see friction), with the original sense of the Italian verb being "touch repeatedly, handle."

Or the second element may be an unexplained alteration of Latin facere "to make, do." Klein suggests ultimate derivation of the Italian word from Arabic tafriq "distribution." Meaning "people and vehicles coming and going" first recorded 1825. Traffic jam is 1917, ousting earlier traffic block (1895). Traffic circle is from 1938.
electrophorus: "A device for repeatedly generating static electricity by induction", Late 18th century: from electro- + Greek -phoros 'bearing'.
job-hop: "To change from one job to another; especially to change job repeatedly", 1950s. From job + hop, after earlier job hopper, job-hopping.
job hopper: "A person who changes from one job to another; especially one who changes job repeatedly", 1940s. From job + hopper. Compare slightly later job-hopping and later job-hop.
job-hopping: "The act or practice of changing from one job to another; especially the practice of changing job repeatedly", 1940s; earliest use found in The Modesto Bee. From job + hopping.