英语词源字典 - 在线词源网站

bellicose [bellicose 词源字典]: bellicose: see rebel
[bellicose etymology, bellicose origin, 英语词源]
choose: choose: [OE] Choose is a verb of ancient pedigree. It can be traced back to the prehistoric Indo-European base *geus-, whose descendants in other Indo-European languages include Latin gustus ‘taste’, source of English gusto and gustatory and French goût. Its Germanic offshoot, *kiusan, produced a diversity of forms in the early Middle Ages, including Old English cēosan, but most of them, apart from English choose and Dutch kiezen, have now died out.

Germanic had an alternative version of the verb, however, *kausjan, and this was borrowed into Gallo-Roman as causīre, which provided the basis of Old French choisir ‘choose’, and hence of chois, source of English choice.
=> choice, gusto
close: close: [13] Close originally entered English as a verb. It came from clos-, the past participial stem of Old French clore ‘shut’, which was a descendant of Latin claudere (related to Latin clāvis ‘key’, from which English gets clavier, clavichord, clavicle, clef, and conclave, and to Latin clāvus ‘nail’, from which French gets clou ‘nail’ – whence English clove – and English gets cloy).

The adjective was quick to follow, via Old French clos, but in this case the intermediate source was the Latin past participial stem clausrather than the Old French clos-. It originally meant simply ‘shut, enclosed, confined’, and did not evolve the sense ‘near’ until the late 15th century; it arose from the notion of the gap between two things being brought together by being closed off.

Related forms in English include clause, cloister, closet [14] (from Old French, ‘small private room’, a diminutive form of clos) and the various verbs ending in -clude, including conclude, include, and preclude.
=> clause, clavier, clef, cloister, closet, clove, cloy, conclave, conclude, enclave, include, preclude
compose: compose: [15] Etymologically, compose means simply ‘put together’; it comes, via Old French composer, from compos-, the perfect stem of Latin compōnere, a compound verb formed from the prefix com- ‘with’ and pōnere ‘place, put’, source of English position. Amongst its many descendants and derivatives are compound, component [17] (from the Latin present participle compōnent-), composite [16] (from the Latin past participle compositus), and compost [14] (which originally meant ‘stewed fruit’, like the later-borrowed compote [17]).
=> component, composite, compost, compote, compound, position
dispose: dispose: see position
dose: dose: [15] A dose is literally ‘that which is given to one’ – etymologically and semantically, it is a parallel formation to donation. It comes via French dose and late Latin dosis from Greek dósis, a derivative of the verb didónai ‘give’ (which is related to English date, donate, etc). It originally meant simply ‘giving, gift’, but was used by Greek physicians such as Galen for ‘portion of medicine administered’, and it is that application that has proved most durable. The modern slang sense ‘venereal infection’ dates from just before World War I.
=> date, donate
enclose: enclose: see include
expose: expose: see position
fructose: fructose: see fruit
glucose: glucose: see glycerine
goose: goose: [OE] Goose has relatives throughout the Indo-European languages: Latin ānser, Greek khén, Sanskrit hansás, Russian gus’, Czech husa, German and Dutch gans, and Swedish gåas (not to mention Irish Gaelic gēis ‘swan’) all go back to a prehistoric Indo-European *ghans-, which probably originated as an imitation of the honking of geese. (The only major exceptions to this cosy family are French ole and Italian and Spanish oca, which come from Latin avicula ‘little bird’.) A Germanic extension of the base was *ganit- or *ganot-, which produced not only English gander ‘male goose’ but also gannet. Gosling [15] was borrowed from the Old Norse diminutive gáeslingr, literally ‘little goose’; and goshawk [OE] is a compound of goose and hawk.

The verb goose ‘jab between the buttocks’, first recorded in the 1870s, may come from a supposed resemblance between the upturned thumb with which such jabbing may be done and the neck of a goose.
=> gooseberry, goshawk
gooseberry: gooseberry: [16] Probably, when all is said and done, gooseberry is simply a compound of goose and berry. But no one has ever been able to explain satisfactorily why the gooseberry should have been named after the goose, and there has been no lack of alternative etymological suggestions for the word – notably that goose is an alteration of an old dialect word for the ‘gooseberry’, such as groser or gozell, borrowed ultimately from French groseille ‘gooseberry’.

The quaint alteration goosegog dates from at least the early 19th century. Play gooseberry ‘be an uncomfortably superfluous third person with two lovers’ also goes back to the early 19th century, and may have originated in the notion of a chaperone (ostensibly) occupying herself with picking gooseberries while the couple being chaperoned did what they were doing (gooseberry-picker was an early 19th-century term for a ‘chaperone’).
homosexual: homosexual: see homeopathy
hose: hose: [OE] The original meaning of hose was ‘leg-covering, stocking’. It comes from a prehistoric Germanic *khuson, which also produced German hose and Dutch hoos. It appears that the metaphorical transference from a ‘long tubular stocking’ to a ‘long tube for conveying liquid’ was first made in Dutch; it was introduced into English in the 15th century.
interpose: interpose: see position
lachrymose: lachrymose: see tear
loose: loose: [13] Loose is one of a large family of words that go back ultimately to Indo-European *lau-, *leu-, *lu-, which denoted ‘undoing’. It includes (via Greek) analyse and paralyse, (via Latin) dissolve and solution, and (via Germanic) lose and the suffix -less. Loose itself was borrowed from Old Norse laus, which was descended from a prehistoric Germanic *lausaz.
=> analyse, dissolve, lose, paralyse, solution
lose: lose: [OE] The verb lose originated as a derivative of the Old English noun los ‘loss’, which went back ultimately to the same Indo-European source (*lau-, *leu-, lu-) as produced English loose and the suffix -less. In Old English it was losian, which eventually ousted the original lēosan to become the only verb for ‘lose’. The noun los died out before the Middle English period, and was replaced by loss [14], probably a derivative of the past participle lost. The past participle of lēosan ‘lose’ was loren, which survives in forlorn and love-lorn.
=> loose
moose: moose: [17] The moose’s name is a native American word. It comes from Natick moos, which has been linked by some with Narragansett moosu ‘he strips’, an allusion to the moose’s habit of stripping the bark from trees.
noose: noose: [15] The notion underlying the word noose is of a ‘knot’, rather than of a ‘loop of rope made with a knot’. The word comes from nos or nous, the Old French descendant of Latin nodus ‘knot’. This was the source of English node [16], of course, and of the diminutive form nodule [16], but it has also made a couple of less obvious contributions to English: dénouement [18], which comes via a French word denoting literally the ‘untying of a knot’, and newel [14] ‘staircase post’, which was borrowed from Old French nouel ‘knob’, a descendant of the medieval Latin diminutive nōdellus.
=> dénouement, newel, node, nodule
nose: nose: [OE] Nose is the English member of a widespread family of ‘nose’-words that trace their ancestry back to Indo-European *nas-. This has produced Latin nāsus (source of English nasal [17]), Sanskrit nás, Lithuanian nósis, and Russian, Polish, Czech, and Serbo-Croat nos. Its Germanic descendant has differentiated into German nase, Dutch neus, Swedish näsa, Danish næse, and English nose. Nozzle [17] and nuzzle [15] are probably derived from nose, and ness ‘promontory, headland’ [OE] (now encountered only in place-names) is related to it.
=> nasal, ness, nostril, nozzle, nuzzle
oppose: oppose: [14] Oppose is in origin an Old French re-formation of Latin oppōnere, based on poser (source of English pose). Oppōnere was a compound verb formed from the prefix ob- ‘against’ and pōnere ‘put’ (source also of English position, posture, etc). It originally meant literally ‘set against’, but developed various figurative senses, including ‘oppose in argument’, which is how it was originally used when it arrived in English.

The notions of ‘contention’ and ‘prevention’ have remained uppermost in the English verb, as they have in opponent [16], which comes from the present participle of the Latin verb. But opposite [14] (from the Latin past participle) retains another metaphorical strand that began in Latin, of ‘comparison’ or ‘contrast’.
=> pose, position, posture
otiose: otiose: see negotiate
pose: pose: [16] Pose and pause come ultimately from the same source. This was late Latin pausāre ‘stop, pause’. In Vulgar Latin it came to be associated with pōnere ‘put’, and particularly, owing to the similarity of form, with its past participle positum (source of English position), and gradually started to take over its meaning. Hence Old French poser, source of the English word, meant ‘put, place’. The noun pose is a modern acquisition from French, dating from the early 19th century.
=> pause
propose: propose: see purpose
prose: prose: [14] Prose is etymologically ‘straightforward discourse’ (as opposed to the more sophisticated discourse of poetry). The term comes via Old French prose from Latin prōsa, which was short for prōsa ōrātiō ‘straightforward discourse’. Prōsus ‘straightforward, direct’ was a contraction of an earlier prōversus, the past participle of prōvertere ‘turn forward’. This was a compound verb formed from the prefix prō- ‘forward’ and vertere ‘turn’ (source of English verse, version, etc).
=> verse, version
prosecute: prosecute: [15] If you prosecute someone, etymologically you ‘pursue’ them. The word comes from prōsecūt-, the past participial stem of prōsequī ‘pursue’, a compound verb formed from the prefix prō- ‘forward’ and sequī ‘follow’ (source of English sequal, sequence, etc). The word’s legal application emerged in the late 16th century.
=> pursue, sequal, sequence, suit
proselyte: proselyte: [14] A proselyte is etymologically someone who ‘comes to’ a new religion. The word comes via Latin prosēlytus from Greek proséluthos ‘person who comes to a place’, a derivative of the verb prosérkhesthai ‘come to, approach’.
purpose: purpose: [13] Purpose, propose [14], and propound [16] are ultimately the same word. All go back to Latin prōpōnere ‘put forward, declare’, a compound verb formed from the prefix prō- ‘forward’ and pōnere ‘place’ (source of English pose, position, etc). Its past participle prōpositus was the source of two distinct Old French verbs: the minimally altered proposer, source of English propose; and purposer, which contains the Old French descendant of the Latin prefix prō-, source of English purpose. Propound is an alteration of an earlier propone (source of proponent [16]), which was based directly on prōpōnere.
=> pose, position, propose, proponent, propound
repose: repose: Repose ‘rest’ [15] and repose ‘place’ [15] (as in ‘repose confidence in someone’) are distinct words in English. The former comes via Old French reposer from late Latin repausāre, a compound verb based on pausāre ‘rest’ (source of English pause). The latter was an English coinage, formed from the prefix re- and the verb pose ‘place’. It was modelled on Latin repōnere ‘replace’, whose derivative repositorium has given English repository [15].
=> pause; position, repository
rose: rose: [OE] Rose is a general European term, represented also in French, German, and Danish rose, Italian and Spanish rosa, Dutch roos, Swedish ros, Russian roza, etc. These all go back ultimately to Latin rosa, which was either borrowed from, or came from the same source as Greek rhódon ‘rose’, a word of eastern Mediterranean origin.
=> rhododendron
rosemary: rosemary: [15] Originally, rosemary had no connection with either ‘roses’ or ‘Mary’. Etymologically it means ‘sea-dew’. It comes, probably via Old French rosmarin, from late Latin rōsmarīnum. This in turn was a conflation of Latin rōs marīnus, rōs meaning ‘dew’ and marīnus ‘of the sea’ (an allusion to the fact that the plant grew near sea coasts). The word originally entered English in the 14th century as rosmarine, but association with rose and Mary (the Virgin Mary, no doubt) led to its alteration to rosemary.
=> marine, mere, mermaid
suppose: suppose: [14] Latin suppōnere meant literally ‘put under’ (it was a compound verb formed from the prefix sub- ‘under’ and pōnere ‘put, place’, source of English position, and its original meaning is best preserved in English suppository [14], literally ‘something placed underneath’). From it was derived the noun suppositiō, which, on the analogy of Greek hupóthesis (source of English hypothesis [16], and itself made up of elements meaning literally ‘under’ and ‘put’), came to be used for an ‘assumption’ – English gets supposition [15] from it.

This meaning then fed back into the verb, which English acquired via Old French supposer.
=> position, suppository
those: those: [OE] Originally, those was the plural of this. It did not move across to that until the Middle English period, gradually replacing its previous plural thō. The game of musical chairs was completed by these, which was a new formation based on this.
=> this
transpose: transpose: see position
adipose (adj.): 1743, from Modern Latin adiposus "fatty," from Latin adipem (nominative adeps, genitive adipis) "soft fat of animals, fat, lard," from Greek aleipha "unguent, fat," related to lipos "grease, fat" (see leave (v.)). Change of -l- to -d- "prob. due to Umbrian influence" [Klein]. But it could as well be a native Italic formation from the same roots, *ad-leip-a "sticking onto."
all-purpose (adj.): 1877, from all + purpose (n.).
Ambrose: masc. proper name, from Latin Ambrosius, from Greek ambrosios "immortal, belonging to the immortals" (see ambrosia). The Ambrosian Library in Milan is named for Saint Ambrose (d.397), bishop of Milan.
appose (v.): "to apply" (one thing to another), 1590s, either from French apposer (from a "to;" see ad-, + poser "to place;" see pose (v.1)), or else formed in English from Latin apponere (see apposite) on analogy of compose, expose, etc. In Middle English, an identical word was a variant spelling of oppose. Related: Apposed; apposing.
arose (v.): past tense of arise (v.).
bellicose (adj.): early 15c., "warlike," from Latin bellicosus "warlike, valorous, given to fighting," from bellicus "of war," from bellum "war," Old Latin duellum, dvellum, which is of uncertain origin.
bose (n.): "to seek for hollows underground by ramming the ground and observing the vibrations," 1929, ultimately from Scottish word boss "hollow, empty" (1510s), earlier a noun meaning "small cask, wine flask" (late 14c.).
brose (n.): 1650s, Scottish, earlier browes, from Old French broez, nominative of broet (13c.) "stew, soup made from meat broth," diminutive of breu, from Medieval Latin brodium, from Old High German brod "broth" (see broth).
brown-nose (v.): also brownnose, 1939, American English colloquial, said to be military slang originally, from brown (adj.) + nose (n.), "from the implication that servility is tantamount to having one's nose in the anus of the person from whom advancement is sought" [Webster, 1961]. Related: Brown-noser, brown-nosing (both 1950).
caboose (n.): 1747, "ship's cookhouse," from Middle Dutch kambuis "ship's galley," from Low German kabhuse "wooden cabin on ship's deck;" probably a compound whose elements correspond to English cabin and house (n.). Railroading sense is by 1859.
calaboose (n.): "prison," 1792, American English, from Louisiana French calabouse, from Spanish calabozo "dungeon," probably from Vulgar Latin *calafodium, from pre-Roman *cala "protected place, den" + Latin fodere "to dig" (see fossil).
cellulose (n.): 1840, from French cellulose, coined c. 1835 by French chemist Anselme Payen (1795-1871) and confirmed 1839, from noun use of adjective cellulose "consisting of cells," 18c., from Latin cellula (see cellulite) + -ose (see -ose (2)).
choose (v.): Old English ceosan "choose, seek out, select; decide, test, taste, try; accept, approve" (class II strong verb; past tense ceas, past participle coren), from Proto-Germanic *keus- (cognates: Old Frisian kiasa, Old Saxon kiosan, Dutch kiezen, Old High German kiosan, German kiesen, Old Norse kjosa, Gothic kiusan "choose," Gothic kausjan "to taste, test"), from PIE root *geus- "to taste, relish" (see gusto). Only remotely related to choice. Variant spelling chuse is Middle English, very frequent 16c.-18c. The irregular past participle leveled out to chosen by 1200.
chose: past tense of choose (q.v.).
chosen (n.): "the elect, the select," especially those selected by God, c. 1200, from past participle of choose (v.). Chosen people for "the Jews" is recorded from 1530s.