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Celsius [Celsius 词源字典]: Celsius: [19] The notion of a temperature scale based on 100 was developed by the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–44) (he originally had water boiling at zero and freezing at 100º, but this was later reversed). His name began to be used to designate the scale in English around the middle of the 19th century. In popular parlance it has usually taken a back seat to centigrade (a French invention, first recorded in English in 1812), but it remains the preferred term in scientific usage.
[Celsius etymology, Celsius origin, 英语词源]
crust: crust: [14] Latin crusta meant ‘hard outer covering, shell’ (it is related to a number of words, including ultimately crystal, denoting a hard surface caused by freezing). Old French acquired it as crouste (the modern French form croûte formed the basis of croûton, borrowed into English in the early 19th century), and passed it on to Middle English as cruste. Crusta formed the basis of the modern Latin adjective crustāceus ‘having a shell’, applied in the early 19th century to the crustacea or crustaceans. And a custard was originally a kind of pie enclosed in a crust.
=> croûton, crystal, custard
crystal: crystal: [OE] The prehistoric Indo-European base *kru- produced several words denoting ‘hard outer surface’, including English crust, Old High German hrosa ‘crust’, and Old Norse hrúthr ‘crust’. In some cases they reflect a hardening caused by freezing: Old High German hrosa, for example, also meant ‘ice’, and Greek krúos meant ‘frost’.

From this was derived krustaímein ‘freeze’, which in turn formed the basis of krústallos ‘ice’. When Old English first acquired the word, via Latin crystallum and Old French cristal, it still meant ‘ice’, a sense which survived until the 16th century, although losing ground all the time to the metaphorical extension ‘clear mineral’.
=> crust
cryo-: word-forming element meaning "very cold, freezing," from Latinized form of Greek kryo-, comb. form of kryos "icy cold," related to kryeros "chilling" (see crust (n.)).
cryogenic (adj.): 1902, from cryogen "freezing mixture" (1875), from cryo- "freezing" + -genic "having to do with production" (see genus). Related: Cryogenics (1958).
freeze (n.): "freezing conditions," c. 1400, from freeze (v.).
frost (n.): Old English forst, frost "frost, a freezing, frozen precipitation, extreme cold," from Proto-Germanic *frustaz- "frost" (cognates: Old Saxon, Old Frisian, Old High German frost, Middle Dutch and Dutch vorst), related to freosan "to freeze," from suffixed form of PIE *preus- "to freeze; burn" (see freeze (v.)). Both forms of the word were common in English till late 15c.; the triumph of frost may be due to its similarity to the forms in other Germanic languages. A black frost (late 14c.) is one which kills plants (turns them black) but is not accompanied by visible frozen dew.
glaciation (n.): 1640s, "act of freezing," noun of action from past participle stem of Latin glaciare "to freeze," deom glacies "ice" (see glacial). Geological sense of "presence of a mass of ice covering a region" is from 1863.
Neapolitan (n.): early 15c., "native or resident of Naples," literally "of Naples," from Latin Neapolitanus, from Neapolis (see Naples); it preserves in English the Greek name of the city. As an adjective from 1590s. As a type of ice cream, from 1871; originally meaning both "ice cream of three layers and flavors" and "ice cream made with eggs added to the cream before freezing." In early 18c., Neapolitan consolation meant "syphilis."
refrigeration (n.): late 15c., "act of cooling or freezing," from Latin refrigerationem (nominative refrigeratio) "a cooling, mitigation of heat," especially in sickness, noun of action from past participle stem of refrigerare "to cool down," from re- "again" (see re-) + frigerare "make cool," from frigus (genitive frigoris) "cold" (see frigid). Specifically "freezing provisions as a means of preserving them" from 1881.
cryonics: "The practice or technique of deep-freezing the bodies of people who have just died, in the hope that scientific advances may allow them to be revived in the future", 1960s: contraction of cryogenics.
cryophyte: "A plant or alga which can withstand very cold or freezing conditions, especially one growing in snow or ice", Early 20th cent..
cryoablation: "The destruction of tissue by freezing", 1960s; earliest use found in Diabetes. From cryo- + ablation.
algid: "Cold, chilly; freezing, frozen; frigid", Early 17th cent.; earliest use found in Henry Cockeram (fl. 1623–1658), lexicographer. From classical Latin algidus cold from algēre to be cold (of unknown origin) + -idus.
nivation: "Erosion of the ground beneath and at the sides of a snow bank, mainly as a result of alternate freezing and thawing", Early 20th century: from Latin nix, niv- 'snow' + -ation.
cryoprotective: "Chiefly of chemicals: giving protection to living tissues, organs, etc., against damage caused by freezing temperatures", 1960s. From cryo- + protective. Compare cryoprotection.