英语词源字典 - 在线词源网站

all-inclusive (adj.): 1813, from all + inclusive. Related: All-inclusively; all-inclusiveness.
anti-imperialist (adj.): 1898, American English, in debates about the Spanish-American War, from anti- + imperialist. Related: Anti-imperialism.
anti-intellectual: 1821 (adj.), from anti- + intellectual. As a noun meaning "an anti-intellectual person" from 1913.
anti-intellectualism (n.): 1904, from anti- + intellectualism; or in some cases from anti-intellectual + -ism.
be-in (n.): "a public gathering of hippies" [OED], 1967, from be + in.
beau-ideal (n.): 1801, from French beau idéal "the ideal beauty, beautifulness as an abstract ideal," in which beau is the subject, but as English usually puts the adjective first, the sense has shifted in English toward "perfect type or model."
brother-in-law (n.): c. 1300; also brother in law; see brother. In Arabic, Urdu, Swahili, etc., brother-in-law, when addressed to a male who is not a brother-in-law, is an extreme insult, with implications of "I slept with your sister."
buy-in (v.): verbal phrase, "to purchase a commission or stock," 1826, from buy (v.) + in (adv.). As a noun by 1970.
Celt-Iberian (adj.): also Celtiberian, c. 1600, from Celt + Iberian.
do-it-yourself: as a modifier, attested by 1941. The expression is much older.
drive-in (adj.): in reference to of restaurants, banks, etc., 1929; from drive (v.) + in. Of movie theaters by 1933 (the year the first one opened, in Camden, N.J.).
father-in-law (n.): late 14c., from father (n.) + in-law.
fill-in (n.): "substitute," 1918 (as an adjective, 1916), from verbal phrase; see fill (v.), in (adv.). Earlier as a noun was fill-up (1811).
flat-iron (n.): "iron for smoothing," 1810, from flat (adj.) + iron (n.). Applied to triangular or wedge-shaped buildings from 1862.
gastro-intestinal (adj.): also gastrointestinal, 1821, from gastro- + intestinal.
go-it-alone (adj.): attested by 1953 (in reference to U.S. foreign policy proposals), from an American English verbal phrase attested by 1842 and meaning "do anything without assistance." Go it as colloquial for "to act" (especially in a determined or vigorous way) is from 1825; hence also American English go it blind (1842) in reference to something done without regard for consequences.
-ia: word-forming element in names of countries, diseases, flowers, from Latin and Greek -ia, which forms abstract nouns of feminine gender. In paraphernalia, Mammalia, etc. it represents the Latin and Greek plural suffix of nouns in -ium or -ion.

Chinese forms country names by adding guo "country" to the stressed syllable of the place name, hence Meiguo "America," from mei, the stressed syllable of America (minus -r-, which does not exist in Chinese). Similarly Yingguo "England," Faguo "France." Continent names are similarly formed, with zhou "continent" (such as Meizhou "America (continent)," Feizhou "Africa," Ouzhou "Europe").
-ial: variant of -al (1).
-ian: variant of suffix -an used with stem endings in -i, from Latin -ianus (-anus). In Middle English, frequently -ien, from words borrowed via French.
-iana: form of -ana with nouns whose adjectival forms end in -ian.
-iasis: medical Latin word-forming element meaning "process; morbid condition," from Greek -iasis, from aorist of verbs in -iao, which often express disease.
-iatric: word-forming element from Greek iatrikos "healing," from iatros "physician, healer" (related to iatreun "treat medically," and iasthai "heal, treat"); of uncertain origin, perhaps from iaomai "to cure," related to iaino "heat, warm, cheer," probably from a root meaning "enliven, animate."
-iatry: word-forming element meaning "medical treatment," from French -iatrie, from Greek iatreia "healing, medical treatment" (see -iatric).
-ible: suffix forming adjectives from verbs, borrowed in Middle English from Old French -ible and directly from Latin -ibilis; see -able.
-ic: adjective suffix, "having to do with, having the nature of, being, made of, caused by, similar to" (in chemistry, indicating a higher valence than names in -ous), from French -ique and directly from Latin -icus, which in many cases represents Greek -ikos "in the manner of; pertaining to." From PIE *-(i)ko, which also yielded Slavic -isku, adjectival suffix indicating origin, the source of the -sky (Russian -skii) in many surnames.
-ical: adjectival suffix, mostly the same as -ic but sometimes with specialized sense (such as historic/historical), Middle English, from Late Latin -icalis, from Latin -icus + -alis.
-ics: in the names of sciences or disciplines (acoustics, aerobics, economics, etc.) it represents a 16c. revival of the classical custom of using the neuter plural of adjectives with -ikos (see -ic) to mean "matters relevant to" and also as the titles of treatises about them. Subject matters that acquired their names in English before c. 1500, however, tend to remain in singular (such as arithmetic, logic).
-id: word-forming element meaning "belonging to, connected with, member of a group or class" (plural -idae), from French -ide and directly from Latin -ides, masculine patronymic, from Greek -ides. In astronomy, of meteor showers, it represents Latin -idis, Greek -idos, the genitive of the feminine patronymic suffix.
-idae: word-forming element used to form family names in zoology, Latin plural noun suffix, plural of -ides (see -id).
-ide: suffix used to form names of simple compounds of an element with another element or radical; originally abstracted from oxide, the first so classified.
-ie: alternative spelling of -y; now mostly of -y (3), but formerly of others.
-ier: word-forming element indicating occupation, from French and Old French -ier, from Latin -arius (also see -er (1)). Nativized and used to form English words (glazier, hosier, etc.; also see -yer).
-ify: variant of suffix -fy used with stem endings in -i. In modern formations in English the -i- sometimes is regarded erroneously as part of the affix.
-ile: suffix denoting ability, capacity, from French -il or directly from Latin -ilis.
-in (1): suffix attached to a verb, first attested 1960 with sit-in (which probably was influenced by sit-down strike); used first of protests, extended c. 1965 to any gathering.
-in (2): chemical suffix, usually indicating a neutral substance, antibiotic, vitamin, or hormone; see -ine (2).
-ina: fem. suffix in titles and names, from Latin -ina.
-ine (1): suffix used to form adjectives from nouns, from French -ine, fem. of -in, or directly from Latin -inus "of, like" (see -en (2)).
-ine (2): chemical suffix, sometimes -in, though modern use distinguishes them; early 19c., from French -ine, from Latin -ina, fem. form of suffix used to form adjectives from nouns (identical with -ine (1)). In French, the suffix commonly was used to form words for derived substances, hence its extended use in chemistry, where it was applied unsystematically at first (as in aniline), but now has more restricted use.
-ing (1): suffix attached to verbs to mean their action, result, product, material, etc., from Old English -ing, -ung, from Proto-Germanic *unga (cognates: Old Norse -ing, Dutch -ing, German -ung). Originally used to form nouns from verbs and to denote completed or habitual action. Its use has been greatly expanded in Middle and Modern English.
-ing (2): suffix used form the present participle of verbs, from Old English -ende (cognates: German -end, Gothic -and, Sanskrit -ant, Greek -on, Latin -ans). It evolved into -ing in 13c.-14c.
-ion: suffix forming nouns of state, condition, or action from verbs, from Latin -ionem (nominative -io, genitive -ionis), sometimes via French -ion.
-ise: see -ize.
-ish: adjectival suffix, from Old English -isc, common Germanic (cognates: Old Norse -iskr, German -isch, Gothic -isks), cognate with Greek diminutive suffix -iskos. Colloquially attached to hours to denote approximation, 1916.
-ism: suffix forming nouns of action, state, condition, doctrine, from French -isme or directly from Latin -isma, -ismus, from Greek -isma, from stem of verbs in -izein. Used as an independent word, chiefly disparagingly, from 1670s.
-ist: word-forming element meaning "one who does or makes," also used to indicate adherence to a certain doctrine or custom, from French -iste and directly from Latin -ista, from Greek -istes, from -is-, ending of the stem of verbs in -izein, + agential suffix -tes. Variant -ister (as in chorister, barrister) is from Old French -istre, on false analogy of ministre. Variant -ista is from Spanish, popularized in American English 1970s by names of Latin-American revolutionary movements.
-istic: adjectival suffix, from French -istique or directly from Latin -isticus, from Greek -istikos, which is adjective suffix -ikos (see -ic) added to noun suffix -istes (see -ist).
-ite (1): from French -ite and directly from Latin -ita, from Greek -ites (fem. -itis), forming adjectives and nouns meaning "connected with or belonging to." Especially used in classical times to form ethnic and local designations (for example in Septuagint translations of Hebrew names in -i) and for names of gems and minerals.
-ite (2): salt suffix, from French -ite, alteration of -ate (see -ate (3)).
-itis: noun suffix denoting diseases characterized by inflammation, Modern Latin, from Greek -itis, feminine of adjectival suffix -ites "pertaining to." Feminine because it was used with feminine noun nosos "disease," especially in Greek arthritis (nosos) "(disease) of the joints," which was one of the earliest borrowings into English and from which the suffix was abstracted in other uses.