词根：umbr = shade, to shadow（阴影）
来源于拉丁语 umbra 阴影 意为shade,to shadow，omber为 umbr 的变体。
同源词：
1. adumbrate（使看起来非常模糊 ad(=to,intensive) + umbr(=shadow)）
vt.勾画轮廓；预示
adumbration n.轮廓；预示
adumbrative adj.暗示的；预示的，笼统预示的；轻描淡写的
The reduced quarterly earnings adumbrate layoffs down the road. 季度收益削减预示着将要裁员。
2. umbrage （-age (n.) 名词后缀， 树下的阴影部分，即树荫 / 荫影）
n.不快，恼火；
umbrageous adj.多荫的；成荫的；易怒的
give /take umbrage at 因...使感到不愉快
3. umbrella （-ella (n.) 表示小，遮掩太阳，使之留下阴影供人遮凉的小工具，即伞）
n.雨伞；<喻>（政治、经济界等的）保护伞
under the Conservative umbrella 在保守党的保护下
umbrella stand 伞架
4. inumbrate （in- 加强意义、-ate (v.) 动词后缀，把阴影投入某物的内部，即投以暗影 / 荫蔽）
v. 投以暗影 ; 遮暗 ; 荫蔽
5. penumbra （pen- 半、-a (n.) 名词后缀，某物阴影的一半，即半影）
n. 半影
6. umbra
n.（太阳黑点的）中央黑暗部分；本影（日蚀时地球和月球的影子）
7. umbral
adj.阴影的；成荫的
8. somber
adj.微暗的；暗色的；阴沉的（在阴影下）《so- = sub- (under) + (o)mber = umbr(shadow)》
词根：dox, dogma = opinion（意见）
来自希腊语的 dox 意为opinion。
（*希腊文doxa,dokein (=opinion)——英文字根字典）
同源词：
1. paradox （脱离某事物的意见 para(=beside,apart from) + dox(=opinion)
n.看似矛盾而实际（或可能）正确的说法；悖论
paradoxical adj.悖论的；矛盾的；似是而非之论的
Although an apparent paradox,when lighting is reduced in factories,productivity increases. 虽然看起来很矛盾，不过在工厂减少照明时，生产率却提高了。
2. orthodox
adj.通常的；公认的；（意见、信仰等）正统的 *ortho(=gight)
orthodoxy n.正统的信仰
orthodox beliefs 正统的信仰
orthodox behavior 正统的行为
the Orthodox Church 正教会
3. heterodox
adj.非正统的；异端的 *hetero (=other)
heterodoxy n. 非正统（学说）；异端，异说
4. doxology
n.（做礼拜时的）颂词（如“荣耀归于真神”） *log (=speech)
5. dogma
n.教条；信条；独断
6. dogmatic
adj. 教条的；武断的
7. dogmatism
n.教条主义；武断
8. doxology
n.（基督教的）颂歌；赞美诗
词根：pecc = sin
来自拉丁语的pecc意为sin。
同源词：
1. impeccable （没有错误、过失的im<in(=not) + pecc (=sin)）
adj.没有缺点的，无瑕疵的；没有过失的
The prisoner's sentence was reduced for his impeccable behavior.那个罪犯因其良好的表现而获判刑。
2. peccable
adj.易犯罪的
3. peccadillo
n.轻罪，小过失
词根词缀：-ess
【来源及含义】Greek -issa > Late Latin -issa > Old French -esse > Middle English -esse: a suffix that forms nouns meaning a female +++, as in lioness, tigress, heiress, hostess, and sculptress
【相关描述】When -ess is added to a noun ending in -tor, -ter, the vowel before r is generally elided (eliminated or left out), as in actress (actor + -ess); and such a derivative with the ending -tress (often equivalent to French ) is usually considered a reduced form of Latin -trix, -tricem and popularly regarded as the equivalent of -tor + -ess.
In Middle English many words in -esse were adopted from French; such as, countess, duchess, mistress, and princess, or formed on nouns in -er; such as, enchantress and sorceress.
The suffix -ess is diminishing from English usage, with trends or tendencies toward avoiding any unnecessary references to gender or sexual categorizing (feminine or masculine.
The suffixes -er and -or are no longer gender-specific in modern English: an author or manager, like a doctor or writer, may be male or female, so the words authoress and manageress are considered redundant.
Some -ess words remain in use; for example, heiress and actress, although actor is being used more often now for both men and women.
【同源单词】actress, adulteress, adventuress, ancestress, auditress, aviatress