英语词源字典 - 在线词源网站

biology: biology: [19] The modern European languages have made prolific use of Greek bíos ‘life’ as a prefix, particularly in the 20th century. The first compound into which it entered in English seems to have been biotic, in the now obsolete sense ‘of secular life’ (around 1600), but the trend was really set by biography, first recorded as being used by John Dryden in his Life of Plutarch 1683. Biology itself came along at the beginning of the 19th century, via French, having been coined in German by Gottfried Reinhold in 1802.

Twentieth-century contributions have included bioengineering, biometric, bionic, biorhythm, and biotechnology. Greek bíos itself goes back to an Indo-European base *gwej-, from which English also ultimately gets quick, vital, vivid, and zoo.
=> quick, vital, vivid, zoo
cabriole: cabriole: see cab
ravioli: ravioli: see rape
violate: violate: [15] Latin violāre ‘treat with violence’ was derived from the noun vīs ‘force, energy’ (whose accusative form, vim, is probably the source of English vim [19]). Its past participle gave English violate, while its present participle is ultimately responsible for English violent [14].
=> vim, violent
violet: violet: [14] Violet was borrowed from Old French violete, a diminutive form of viole ‘violet’. This in turn went back to Latin viola ‘violet’, itself acquired by English in the 15th century. The word probably originated in a pre-Indo- European Mediterranean language, which also produced Greek íon ‘violet’ (source of English iodine). Its primary application is as a plantname; its use as a colour term is a secondary application.
=> iodine
violin: violin: [16] Violin has been traced back to Vulgar Latin *vītula ‘stringed instrument’, which was based ultimately on the name of Vītula, a Roman goddess of joy and victory (and has also, via a prehistoric Germanic borrowing, given English fiddle). The Vulgar Latin term passed via Provençal viola and Old French viole into English as viol [15], which survives as the name of an early form of stringed instrument. Its Italian counter-part is viola, which has given English viola [18], and its diminutive form violino is the source of violin.
=> fiddle, viola
agriology (n.): study of prehistoric human customs, 1878, from agrio-, from Greek agrios "wild," literally "living in the fields," from agros "field" (see acre) + -logy. Related: Agriologist (n.), 1875.
anaesthesiologist (n.): 1943, American English, from anaesthesiology + -ist.
anaesthesiology (n.): 1908, from anaesthesia + -ology.
Anesthesiology. This is the new term adopted by the University of Illinois defining "the science that treats of the means and methods of producing in man or animal various degrees of insensibility with or without hypnosis." ["Medical Herald," January, 1912]
anesthesiologist (n.): alternative spelling of anaesthesiologist (q.v.). See ae.
anesthesiology (n.): alternative spelling of anaesthesiology (q.v.). See ae.
arteriole (n.): "small artery," by 1808, from Modern Latin arteriola, diminutive of arteria (see artery).
Assyriology (n.): 1846, from Assyria + -ology. Related: Assyriologist.
astrobiology (n.): 1903, from French astrobiologie; see astro- + biology. Related: Astrobiological; astrobiologist.
audiology (n.): science of hearing and treatment of deafness, 1946, from audio- + -ology. Related: Audiologist.
bacteriology (n.): 1884, from German; see bacteria + -ology. Related: Bacteriological (1886). Bacteriological warfare is from 1924.
bibliolator (n.): 1820, perhaps first in Coleridge, from bibliolatry (q.v.).
bibliolatry (n.): 1763, "worship of books," from biblio- + -latry. Meaning "worship of the Bible" is from 1847.
biological (adj.): 1840, from biology + -ical. Biological clock attested from 1955; not especially of human reproductive urges until c. 1991. Related: Biologically.
biologist (n.): 1813, from biology + -ist. Earliest use is in reference to human life. In modern scientific sense, by 1874.
biology (n.): 1819, from Greek bios "life" (see bio-) + -logy. Suggested 1802 by German naturalist Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus (1776-1837), and introduced as a scientific term that year in French by Lamarck.
bioluminescence (n.): also bio-luminescence, 1909; see bio- + luminescence.
bioluminescent (adj.): also bio-luminescent, 1929; see bioluminescence.
bronchiole (n.): Modern Latin, from diminutive of bronchia "the bronchial tubes" (plural; see bronchial).
cabriolet (n.): "light two-wheeled chaise," 1766, from French cabriolet (18c.), derivative of cabriole (see cab). So called from its light, leaping motion.
cardiology (n.): 1847, from cardio- + -logy. Cardiologist attested from 1885.
centriole (n.): 1896, from German centriol (1895), from Modern Latin centriolum, diminutive of centrum (see center (n.)).
Coriolis effect (n.): 1969 (earlier Coriolis force, 1923, and other references back to 1912), from the name of French scientist Gaspard Gustave de Coriolis (1792-1843) who described it c. 1835.
epidemiology (n.): "study of epidemics, science of epidemic diseases," 1850, from Greek epidemios, literally "among the people, of one's countrymen at home" (see epidemic) + -logy. Related: Epidemiological; epidemiologist.
etiolate (v.): "turn (a plant) white by growing it in darkness," 1791, from French étiolé, past participle of étioler "to blanch" (17c.), perhaps literally "to become like straw," from Norman dialect étule "a stalk," Old French esteule "straw, field of stubble," from Latin stipula "straw" (see stipule). Related: Etiolated.
etiology (n.): also aetiology, "science of causes or causation," 1550s, from Late Latin aetiologia, from Greek aitiologia "statement of cause," from aitia "cause, responsibility" (from PIE *ai-t-ya-, from root *ai- (1) "to give, allot;" see diet (n.1)) + -logia "a speaking" (see -logy). Related: Etiologic; etiological.
glaciology (n.): 1856, from Latin glacies "ice" (see glacial) + -ology. Related: Glaciological; glaciologist.
gladiolus (n.): "wild iris," c. 1000, from Latin gladiolus "wild iris, sword-lily," literally "small sword," diminutive of gladius "sword" (see gladiator); the plant so called by Pliny in reference to its sword-shaped leaves. The Old English form of the word was gladdon. Form gladiol is attested from mid-15c.; the modern use perhaps represents a 1560s reborrowing from Latin.
hagiolatry (n.): "worship of saints," 1798, from hagio- + -latry. Related: Hagiolatrous.
hagiology (n.): "branch of literature consisting of saints' lives and legends," 1807, from hagio- "holy" + -ology. Related: Hagiologist (1805).
hamartiology (n.): "that part of theology which deals with sin and its effects," 1875, from Greek hamartia "sin" (see hamartia) + -ology.
Hispaniola: West Indian island, from Spanish la isla española "the Spanish island" (not "little Spain"); name said to have been given by Columbus in 1492.
idiolect (n.): 1948, from idio- + second element abstracted from dialect.
inviolability (n.): 1793, from inviolable + -ity.
inviolable (adj.): mid-15c., from Latin inviolabilis "inviolable, invulnerable," from in- "not, opposite of" (see in- (1)) + violabilis, from violare "to do violence to" (see violation). Related: Inviolably.
inviolate (adj.): "unbroken, intact," early 15c., from Latin inviolatus âunhurt,â from in- "not, opposite of" (see in- (1)) + violatus (see violation).
kinesiology (n.): 1894, from kinesi-, comb. form of Greek kinesis "movement, motion" (see cite) + -ology. Related: Kinesiological; kinesiologically.
Mariolatry (n.): "worship of the Virgin Mary," 1610s, from Mary + -latry, with connective element -o-.
microbiologist (n.): 1882, from microbiology + -ist.
microbiology (n.): 1880, coined in English from micro- + biology. Related: Microbiological.
non-violence (n.): also nonviolence, 1831, from non- + violence. Gandhi used it from 1920.
non-violent (adj.): also nonviolent, 1896, from non- + violent. From 1920 in reference to "principle or practice of abstaining from violence," in writings of M.K. Gandhi.
It is better to be violent, if there is violence in our hearts, than to put on the cloak of non-violence to cover impotence. [Gandhi, "Non-violence in Peace and War," 1948]
oriole (n.): 1776, from French oriol "golden oriole," Old Provençal auriol, from Medieval Latin oryolus, from Latin aureolus "golden," from PIE *aus- (2) "gold" (see aureate). Originally in reference to the golden oriole (Oriolus galbula), a bird of black and yellow plumage that summers in Europe (but is uncommon in England). Applied from 1791 to the unrelated but similarly colored North American species Icterus baltimore.
pathophysiology (adj.): 1952, from patho- + physiology.
petiole (n.): "footstalk of a leaf," 1753, from French pétiole (18c.), from Late Latin petiolus, misspelling of peciolus "stalk, stem," literally "little foot," diminutive of pediculus "foot stalk," itself a diminutive of pes (genitive pedis) "foot," from PIE root *ped- (1) "a foot" (see foot (n.)). Given its modern sense by Linnaeus.