英语词源字典 - 在线词源网站

projection (n.)[projection 词源字典]: late 15c., in alchemy, "transmutation by casting a powder on molten metal; 1550s in the cartographical sense "drawing of a map or chart according to scale," from Middle French projection, from Latin proiectionem (nominative proiectio), from past participle stem of proicere (see project (n.)). From 1590s as "action of projecting."[projection etymology, projection origin, 英语词源]
projectionist (n.): 1916, from projection + -ist.
projector (n.): 1590s, "one who forms a project," agent noun in Latin form from project (v.). In the optical, camera sense it is from 1884.
prokaryote (n.): 1963, from French procaryote (1925), from Greek pro- (see pro-) + karyon "nut, kernel" (see karyo-).
prokaryotic (adj.): 1957, from prokaryote + -ic. Related: Prokaryon.
prolactin (n.): 1932, from pro- + stem of lactation + chemical suffix -in (2).
prolapse (v.): 1736, from Latin prolapsus, past participle of prolabi "glide forward, slide along, slip forward or down;" see pro- + lapse (n.). As a noun from 1808.
prole (n.): short for proletarian (n.), 1887 (G.B. Shaw); popularized by George Orwell's 1949 novel "Nineteen Eighty-Four." As an adjective from 1938. Related: Proly (adj.); prolier-than-thou.
prolegomenon (n.): 1650s, "learned preamble to a book," from Greek prolegomenon, noun use of neuter passive present participle of prolegein "to say beforehand," from pro- "before" (see pro-) + legein "to speak" (see lecture (n.)) + suffix -menos (as in alumnus). The same sense is in preface (n.). Related: Prolegomenary; prolegomenous.
prolepsis (n.): 1570s, "the taking of something anticipated as already done or existing," from Latin prolepsis, from Greek prolepsis "an anticipating," literally "a taking beforehand," from prolambanein "to take before," from pro- "before" (see pro-) + lambanein "to take" (see analemma). Related: Proleptic; proleptical; proleptically.
proles (n.): "offspring," 1670s, from Latin proles "offspring, progeny" (see prolific).
proletarian: 1650s (n.) "member of the lowest class;" 1660s (adj.) "of the lowest class of people;" with -ian + Latin proletarius "citizen of the lowest class" (as an adjective, "relating to offspring"), in ancient Rome, propertyless people, exempted from taxes and military service, who served the state only by having children; from proles "offspring, progeny" (see prolific).
proletarianism (n.): 1844, from proletarian + -ism.
proletariat (n.): also proletariate, "the lowest class," 1853, from French prolétariat, from Latin proletarius (see proletarian). In political economics, "indigent wage-earners," from 1856. Leninist phrase dictatorship of the proletariat attested from 1918.
prolicide (n.): "killing of one's child or children," 1824, introduced by Dr. John Gordon Smith in the 2nd edition of his "Principles of Forensic Medicine;" from Latin proles "offspring" (see prolific) + -cide.
It is hoped that this word will be considered entitled to reception, on the score of analogy. We have long had parricide, fratricide, and infanticide, all (if I may use the figure of speech,) of the same family; and recently the very appropriate term foeticide has been introduced into Forensic Medicine. In both these last crimes there is a peculiarity arising from the person accused being, in almost every instance, the parent .... In this relation to the beings destroyed, the general term of murderer, or murder of offspring seems to be the fair converse of parricide; and will suit well the purpose of the Medico-legal writer, who considers the two cases as parts of one subject, for the designation of which collectively a proper term was wanting. [Smith]
proliferate (v.): 1857 as a term in biology; see proliferation. General sense from 1961. Related: Proliferated; proliferating.
proliferation (n.): 1859, "formation or development of cells," from French prolifération, from prolifère "producing offspring," from Latin proles "offspring" (see prolific) + ferre "to bear" (see infer). Meaning "enlargement, extension, increase" is from 1920; especially of nuclear weapons (1966).
proliferative (adj.): 1868, from proliferate + -ive.
prolific (adj.): 1640s, from French prolifique (16c.), from Medieval Latin prolificus, from Latin proles "offspring" + root of facere "to make" (see factitious). Latin proles is contracted from *pro-oles, from PIE *pro-al-, from *pro- "forth" (see pro-) + *al- "to grow, nourish" (see old). Related: Prolifical (c. 1600).
Prolific is in common use, but to make a satisfactory noun from it has passed the wit of man. [Fowler]
prolix (adj.): early 15c., from Old French prolixe (13c.) and directly from Latin prolixus "extended," literally "poured out," from pro- "forth" (see pro-) + base of liquere "to flow" (see liquid (adj.)).