词根词缀：-ard, -art

【来源及含义】a suffix which forms nouns that refer to people who regularly engage in some activity, or who are characterized in a certain way, as indicated by the stem or root of the word; originally, which appeared in Middle English in words from Old French where it expressed an intensive degree or with a pejorative or disparaging application

【同源单词】braggard, coward, drunkard, wizard

词根词缀：-ess

【来源及含义】Greek -issa > Late Latin -issa > Old French -esse > Middle English -esse: a suffix that forms nouns meaning a female +++, as in lioness, tigress, heiress, hostess, and sculptress

【相关描述】When -ess is added to a noun ending in -tor, -ter, the vowel before r is generally elided (eliminated or left out), as in actress (actor + -ess); and such a derivative with the ending -tress (often equivalent to French ) is usually considered a reduced form of Latin -trix, -tricem and popularly regarded as the equivalent of -tor + -ess.

In Middle English many words in -esse were adopted from French; such as, countess, duchess, mistress, and princess, or formed on nouns in -er; such as, enchantress and sorceress.

The suffix -ess is diminishing from English usage, with trends or tendencies toward avoiding any unnecessary references to gender or sexual categorizing (feminine or masculine.

The suffixes -er and -or are no longer gender-specific in modern English: an author or manager, like a doctor or writer, may be male or female, so the words authoress and manageress are considered redundant.

Some -ess words remain in use; for example, heiress and actress, although actor is being used more often now for both men and women.

【同源单词】actress, adulteress, adventuress, ancestress, auditress, aviatress

词根词缀：in-3

【来源及含义】Old English, Middle English: in, into; within; toward; a prefix used in front of English words, not Latin or Greek elements; as in the words, indoors and inland

【相关描述】Don't confuse this in-³, meaning "in, into; within", with another in-² Latin prefix meaning "in, into, within, inside, on, toward" or with the Latin prefix in-¹ meaning "not".

【同源单词】inarm, inbeing, inboard, inborn, inbound, inbreathe

词根词缀：inter-, intero-

【来源及含义】Latin: between; among, mutually, together; on the inside, internal

【相关描述】Although abstracted from the many compounds in which it entered English, the form inter- was not generally considered a living prefix in English until the 1400s.

During the later period of Middle English many words borrowed in the Old and Middle French forms entre-, enter- began to be consciously respelled with Latin inter-; although vestiges of the older French borrowings are found in entertain and enterprise.

The living prefix inter- is now freely added to almost any element in English to create such formations with the meaning of "between" and "among". The words formed by intra- are closely related to this inter- prefix; in fact, they both apparently came from the same Latin source.

【相关词根词缀】 Related "together" units: com-; greg-; struct-. Cross references of word families related directly, or indirectly, to: "internal organs, entrails, inside": ent-; enter-; fistul-; incret-; intra-; splanchn-; viscer-.

【同源单词】ad interim, anterointernal, Caput inter nubila condit, electrical interference, electron compound, inter canem et lupum

词根词缀：mantel-, mantle-, -manteau

【来源及含义】Latin: mantellum, cloak, veil; by way of Middle English, from Old English mentel and from Old French mantel; resulting in English words that include: mantle, mantel, and manteau

【同源单词】dismantle, dismantlement, dismantler, dismantling, lower mantle, manta

词根词缀：martyr-

【来源及含义】Greek: (martus, martur-); Late Greek: (martur); Late Ecclesiastical Latin (martyr), Old English (martyr), Middle English (martir); witness

【相关描述】Adopted directly into most Germanic languages, but Old Norse substituted native formation pislarvattr, literally, "torture-witness".

【同源单词】martyr, martyr, martyrdom, martyred, martyrium, martyrize

词根词缀：-ment

【来源及含义】Latin: a suffix; result of, means of, act of; place of action

【相关描述】The suffix -meant is a final word element derived through Middle English and French from the Latin suffix -ment(um), originally used to form agent and action nouns from verbs, now used to form nouns and denominative verbs in several related senses:

The verb combinations show no change in basic form: cement, compliment, lament.

Principal parts: -menting, -mented, -mented.

Related forms: -mentum (singular); -menta, -menti, -ments (plurals).

【同源单词】abolishment, abridgment, accompaniment, accomplishment, accouterment, achievement

词根词缀：quaint-

【来源及含义】Latin > Old French > Middle English: well known, skillful, neat, elegant

【相关描述】This quaint- unit is directly related to this cogni- family of words.

【同源单词】acquaint, acquaintable, acquaintance, disacquaint, inacquaintance, nonacquaintance