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invigorate [invigorate 词源字典]: invigorate: see vigour
[invigorate etymology, invigorate origin, 英语词源]
vigil: vigil: [13] Etymologically, to take part in a vigil, you have to be ‘alert’ and ‘awake’. The word comes via Old French vigile from Latin vigilia, which was derived from the adjective vigil ‘awake, alert’, so the notion underlying it is of staying awake to keep watch. Another derivative of the Latin adjective was vigilāre ‘keep watch’, which lies behind English reveille [17], surveillance [19], vigilant [15], and vigilante [19] (via Spanish). It came ultimately from the Indo-European base *wog-, *weg- ‘be lively or active’, which also produced English vigour, wake and watch.
=> reveille, surveillance, vigilante, vigour, wake, watch
vignette: vignette: [18] A vignette is etymologically a picture with a border of ‘vine’ tendrils, leaves, etc round it. The word comes from Old French vignette, a diminutive form of vigne ‘vine’ (source of English vine and related to English wine). It was originally applied to decorations in medieval manuscripts, but it was then transferred to the border around pictures, and finally to the pictures themselves. The conscious link with ‘vines’ now became broken, and in the 19th century the term moved on to a ‘head-andshoulders photograph’ and (metaphorically) a ‘short verbal description’.
=> vine, wine
vigour: vigour: [14] Latin vigēre meant ‘be lively, flourish’ (it came from the Indo-European base *wog-, *weg- ‘be lively or active’, which also produced English vigil, wake and watch). From it was derived the noun vigor ‘liveliness’, which passed into English via Old French vigour. From the same source come vigorous [14] and invigorate [17].
=> invigorate, vigil
circumnavigate (v.): 1630s, from Latin circumnavigatus, past participle of circumnavigare "to sail round," from circum "around" (see circum-) + navigare (see navigation). Related: Circumnavigated; circumnavigating; circumnavigable.
circumnavigation (n.): 1705, from circumnavigate + -ion.
claviger (n.): "one who carries a club," c. 1600, from Latin claviger (an epithet of Hercules), from clava "club, knotty branch" + stem of gerere "to bear" (see gest).
gravigrade (adj.): "walking with heavy steps," 1839, probably via French, a modern scientific compound from Latin gravis "heavy" (see grave (adj.)) + gradi "to walk" (see grade (n.)).
hypervigilance (n.): 1917, from hyper- + vigilance. Related: Hypervigilant.
invigilate (v.): 1550s, from Latin invigilatus, past participle of invigilare "watch over, be watchful, be devoted," from in- "in" (see in- (2)) + vigilare (see vigil). Especially in reference to student exams. Related: Invigilated; invigilating.
invigilator (n.): 1892, agent noun from invigilate.
invigorate (v.): 1640s, from in- (2) + vigor + -ate (2). Earlier verb was envigor (1610s). Related: Invigorated; invigorating.
invigorating (adj.): 1690s, adjective from present participle of invigorate. Related: Invigoratingly.
invigoration (n.): 1660s, noun of action from invigorate.
navigable (adj.): mid-15c., from Old French navigable (14c.) or directly from Latin navigabilis, from navigat-, past participle stem of navigare (see navigation). Related: Navigability.
navigate (v.): 1580s, a back-formation from navigation, or else from Latin navigatus, past participle of navigare. Extended to balloons (1784) and later to aircraft (1901). Related: Navigated; navigating.
navigation (n.): 1530s, from Middle French navigation (14c.) or directly from Latin navigationem (nominative navigatio) "a sailing, navigation, voyage," noun of action from past participle stem of navigare "to sail, sail over, go by sea, steer a ship," from navis "ship" (see naval) + root of agere "to drive" (see act (n.)).
navigational (adj.): 1884, from navigation + -al.
navigator (n.): 1580s, "one who navigates," from Latin navigator "sailor," agent noun from navigat-, stem of navigare (see navigation). Meaning "laborer employed in excavating a canal" is 1775, from sense in inland navigation "communication by canals and rivers" (1727).
reinvigorate (v.): 1650s, from re- + invigorate. Related: Reinvigorated; reinvigorating.
vigil (n.): c. 1200, "eve of a religious festival" (an occasion for devotional watching or observance), from Anglo-French and Old French vigile "watch, guard; eve of a holy day" (12c.), from Latin vigilia "a watch, watchfulness," from vigil "watchful, awake, on the watch, alert," from PIE root *weg- (2) "be lively or active, be strong" (cognates: Old English wacan "to wake up, arise," wacian "to be awake;" Old High German wahta "watch, vigil;" see wake (v.)). Meaning "watch kept on a festival eve" in English is from late 14c.; general sense of "occasion of keeping awake for some purpose" is recorded from 1711.
vigilance (n.): 1560s, from Middle French vigilance (16c.), from Latin vigilantia "wakefulness, watchfulness, attention," from vigil "watchful, awake" (see vigil). Related: Vigilancy (1530s).
vigilant (adj.): late 15c., from Middle French vigilant or directly from Latin vigilantem (nominative vigilans) "watchful, anxious, careful," present participle of vigilare "to watch, keep awake, not to sleep, be watchful," from vigil "watchful, awake" (see vigil). Related: Vigilantly.
vigilante (n.): "member of a vigilance committee," 1856, American English, from Spanish vigilante, literally "watchman," from Latin vigilantem (nominative vigilans) "watchful, anxious, careful," from vigil (see vigil). Vigilant man in same sense is attested from 1824 in a Missouri context. Vigilance committees kept informal rough order on the U.S. frontier or in other places where official authority was imperfect.
vignette (n.): 1751, "decorative design," originally a design in the form of vine tendrils around the borders of a book page, especially a picture page, from French vignette, from Old French diminutive of vigne "vineyard" (see vine). Sense transferred from the border to the picture itself, then (1853) to a type of small photographic portrait with blurred edges very popular mid-19c. Meaning "literary sketch" is first recorded 1880, probably from the photographic sense.
vigor (n.): c. 1300, "physical strength, energy in an activity," from Anglo-French vigour, Old French vigor "force, strength" (Modern French vigueur), from Latin vigorem (nominative vigor) "liveliness, activity, force," from vigere "be lively, flourish, thrive," from PIE root *weg- (2) "be lively or active" (see wake (v.)).
vigorous (adj.): c. 1300 (early 13c. as a surname), from Anglo-French vigrus, Old French vigoros "strong, robust, powerful" (12c., Modern French vigoreux), from Medieval Latin vigorosus, from Latin vigere "be lively, flourish, thrive" (see vigor). Related: Vigorously.
vigour (n.): chiefly British English spelling of vigor (q.v.); for spelling, see -or.
vigesimal: "Relating to or based on the number twenty", Mid 17th century: from Latin vigesimus (from viginti 'twenty') + -al.
astronavigation: "Determination of the position and course of an aircraft or a spacecraft by means of observation of the stars", Mid 20th century: from astro- + navigation.
levigate: "Reduce (a substance) to a fine powder or smooth paste", Mid 16th century: from Latin levigat- 'made smooth, polished', from the verb levigare, from levis 'smooth'.