quword 趣词
Word Origins Dictionary
- damage
- damage: [14] Damage comes from Latin damnum ‘loss, damage’ (source of English damn). It passed into Old French as dam, from which was formed the derivative damage. English borrowed and has preserved the Old French form, but in modern French it has become dommage. Besides damn, another English relative is indemnity [15], ultimately from Latin indemnis ‘undamaged’.
=> damn, indemnity - sound
- sound: English has no fewer than four distinct words sound. The oldest, ‘channel, strait’ [OE], originally meant ‘swimming’. It came from a prehistoric Germanic *sundam, a derivative of the base *sum-, *swem- ‘swim’ (source of English swim). The sense ‘channel’ was adopted from a related Scandinavian word (such as Danish sund) in the 15th century. Sound ‘undamaged’ [12] is a shortened version of Old English gesund, which went back to prehistoric West Germanic *gasundaz, a word of uncertain origin.
Its modern relatives, German gesund and Dutch gezond ‘well, healthy’, retain the ancestral prefix. Sound ‘noise’ [13] comes via Anglo-Norman soun from Latin sonus ‘sound’, a relative of Sanskrit svan- ‘make a noise’. Amongst the Latin word’s many other contributions to English are consonant, dissonant [15], resonant [16], sonata [17] (via Italian), sonorous [17], and sonnet. Sound ‘plumb the depths’ [14] (as in sounding line) comes via Old French sonder from Vulgar Latin *subundāre, a compound verb formed from Latin sub- ‘under’ and unda ‘wave’ (source of English undulate).
=> swim; consonant, dissonant, resonant, sonata, sonnet, sonorous; surround, undulate - whole
- whole: [OE] Whole is at the centre of a tightlyknit family of English words descended from prehistoric Germanic *khailaz ‘undamaged’ (the other members – hail ‘salute’, hale, hallow, heal, health, and holy – have have branched off in different semantic directions, but whole has stayed fairly close to its source). The Germanic form, which also produced German heil, Dutch heel, and Swedish and Danish hel, went back to an Indo-European *qoilos, source also of Russian celyj ‘whole’ and Welsh coel ‘good omen’. Hale [13] originated as a northern variant of whole (whose wh- spelling emerged in the 16th century).
The compound wholesome was probably formed in Old English, but it is not recorded until the 12th century.
=> hail, hale, hallow, heal, health, holy - indemnity (n.)
- mid-15c., from Middle French indemnité (14c.), from Late Latin indemnitatem (nominative indemnitas) "security for damage," from Latin indemnis "unhurt, undamaged," from in- "not, opposite of, without" (see in- (1)) + damnum "damage" (see damn).
- whole (adj.)
- Old English hal "entire, whole; unhurt, uninjured, safe; healthy, sound; genuine, straightforward," from Proto-Germanic *haila- "undamaged" (cognates: Old Saxon hel, Old Norse heill, Old Frisian hal, Middle Dutch hiel, Dutch heel, Old High German, German heil "salvation, welfare"), from PIE *kailo- "whole, uninjured, of good omen" (cognates: Old Church Slavonic celu "whole, complete;" see health).
The spelling with wh- developed early 15c. The sense in whole number is from early 14c. Whole milk is from 1782. On the whole "considering all facts or circumstances" is from 1690s. For phrase whole hog, see hog (n.).