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marshal [marshal 词源字典]: marshal: [13] Etymologically, a marshal is a ‘horse-servant’. The word goes back to a prehistoric Germanic *markhaskalkaz ‘groom’, a compound based on *markhaz ‘horse’ (source of English mare [OE]) and *skalkaz ‘servant’. This was borrowed into late Latin as mariscalcus, and passed from there via Old French mareschal into English. In the course of its journey its status gradually rose, and by the time it reached English it denoted a ‘high officer of state’.
=> mare[marshal etymology, marshal origin, 英语词源]
shale: shale: see scale
shall: shall: [OE] The etymological meaning of shall is ‘owe’. It goes back to a prehistoric Germanic base *skal-, *skul- which also produced German sollen ‘ought to’ and schuld ‘debt’. Its use in English as an auxiliary verb denoting future time evolved via the intermediate senses ‘ought to, must’ and ‘be to’. The notion of obligation survives in should, which originated as its past tense.
=> should
shallot: shallot: [17] The shallot is etymologically the onion from ‘Ascalon’, an ancient port in southern Palestine. The Romans called it Ascalōnia caepa ‘Ascalonian onion’, or ascalōnia for short. In Vulgar Latin this became *escalonia, which passed into Old French as escaloigne (source of English scallion [14], still used for ‘spring onion’ in America and elsewhere). The variant form eschalotte developed. English took this over as eschalot (‘Eschalots are now from France become an English plant’, John Mortimer, Whole Art of Husbandry 1707), and soon lopped off the first syllable to produce shallot.
=> scallion
field-marshal (n.): high military rank in some European armies, 1610s, from field (n.) + marshal (n.). Compare French maréchal de camp, German Feldmarschall.
inshallah: 1857, phonetic spelling of Arabic in sha Allah "if Allah wills (it)."
marshal (n.): early 13c. as a surname; mid-13c. as "high officer of the royal court;" from Old French mareschal "commanding officer of an army; officer in charge of a household" (Modern French maréchal), originally "stable officer, horse tender, groom" (Frankish Latin mariscaluis) from Frankish *marhskalk or a similar Germanic word, literally "horse-servant" (compare Old High German marahscalc "groom," Middle Dutch maerschalc), from Proto-Germanic *markhaz "horse" (see mare (n.1)) + *skalkaz "servant" (source of Old English scealc "servant, retainer, member of a crew," Dutch schalk "rogue, wag," Gothic skalks "servant").

Cognate with Old English horsþegn. From c. 1300 as "stable officer;" early 14c. as "military commander, general in the army." For development history, compare constable. Also from Germanic are Italian scalco "steward," Spanish mariscal "marshal."
marshal (v.): early 15c., "to tend (horses)," from marshal (n.). Meaning "to arrange, place in order" is from mid-15c.; that of "to arrange for fighting" is from mid-15c. Figurative use by 1690s. Related: Marshaled; marshaling.
Marshall plan: 1947, named for its initiator, George C. Marshall (1880-1959), U.S. Secretary of State 1947-49.
shale (n.): 1747, possibly a specialized use of Middle English schale "shell, husk, pod" (late 14c.), also "fish scale," from Old English scealu (see shell (n.)) in its base sense of "thing that divides or separate," in reference to the way the rock breaks apart in layers. Compare Middle English sheel "to shell, to take off the outer husk" (late 15c.). Geological use also possibly influenced by German Schalstein "laminated limestone," and Schalgebirge "layer of stone in stratified rock."
shall (v.): Old English sceal, Northumbrian scule "I owe/he owes, will have to, ought to, must" (infinitive sculan, past tense sceolde), a common Germanic preterite-present verb (along with can, may, will), from Proto-Germanic *skal- (cognates: Old Saxon sculan, Old Frisian skil, Old Norse and Swedish skola, Middle Dutch sullen, Old High German solan, German sollen, Gothic skulan "to owe, be under obligation;" related via past tense form to Old English scyld "guilt," German Schuld "guilt, debt;" also Old Norse Skuld, name of one of the Norns), from PIE root *skel- (2) "to be under an obligation."

Ground sense of the Germanic word probably is "I owe," hence "I ought." The sense shifted in Middle English from a notion of "obligation" to include "futurity." Its past tense form has become should (q.v.). Cognates outside Germanic are Lithuanian skeleti "to be guilty," skilti "to get into debt;" Old Prussian skallisnan "duty," skellants "guilty."
shallop (n.): "kind of light boat," 1570s, from French chaloupe, from Dutch sloep "sloop" (see sloop). Compare Spanish chalupa, Italian scialuppa.
shallot (n.): "small onion," 1660s, shortened from eschalot, from French échalote, from Middle French eschalotte, from Old French eschaloigne, from Vulgar Latin *escalonia (see scallion).
shallow (adj.): c. 1400, schalowe "not deep," probably from or related to Old English sceald (see shoal (n.)). Of breathing, attested from 1875; of thought or feeling, "superficial," first recorded 1580s. The noun, usually shallows, is first recorded 1570s, from the adjective.
shalom: Jewish word of greeting, Hebrew, literally "peace," properly "completeness, soundness, welfare," from stem of shalam "was intact, was complete, was in good health." Related to Arabic salima "was safe," aslama "surrendered, submitted."
shilly-shally (v.): "to vacillate," 1782, from adverbial expression to stand shilly-shally (1703), earlier shill I, shall I (1700), a fanciful reduplication of shall I? (compare wishy-washy, dilly-dally, etc.). From 1734 as an adjective, by 1755 as a noun. Related: Shilly-shallying (1816).