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freshet (n.): 1590s, "stream of fresh water; stream flowing into the sea," from obsolete fresh (n.) "a stream in flood" (1530s), also "mingling of fresh and salt water," from fresh (adj.1). Old English had fersceta in the same sense. Meaning "small flood or increased flow of an ebb tide caused by rain or melting snow" is from 1650s.
Hong Kong: from Cantonese pronunciation of Chinese Xianggang, literally "fragrant port." Perhaps so called from the scent of incense factories or opium cargoes, or from the semi-fresh waters of the bay. The word hong was the general English term for foreign trading establishments in China.
limnology (n.): study of lakes and fresh water, 1892, with -logy + limno-, comb. form of Greek limne "pool of standing water, tidal pool, marsh, lake," from PIE root *(s)lei- "slime" (see slime (n.)). The science founded and the name probably coined by Swiss geologist François-Alphonse Forel (1841-1912). Related: Limnological; limnologist.
grilse: "A salmon that has returned to fresh water after a single winter at sea", Late Middle English: of unknown origin.
dinoflagellate: "A single-celled organism with two flagella, occurring in large numbers in marine plankton and also found in fresh water. Some produce toxins that can accumulate in shellfish, resulting in poisoning when eaten", Late 19th century (as an adjective): from modern Latin Dinoflagellata (plural), from Greek dinos 'whirling' + Latin flagellum 'small whip' (see flagellum).
lotic: "(Of organisms or habitats) inhabiting or situated in rapidly moving fresh water", Early 20th century: from Latin lotus 'washing' + -ic.
phlobaphene: "Any of a class of reddish or brownish water-insoluble pigments which occur in various barks and other plant tissues, and are polymeric derivatives of tannins", Mid 19th cent.; earliest use found in Henry Watts (1815–1884), chemist. From German Phlobaphen from ancient Greek ϕλοιός bark + βαϕή dye + German -en.