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lithograph [lithograph 词源字典]: lithograph: [19] Greek líthos meant ‘stone’. It has contributed a small cluster of words to English, including lithium [19] (a metal so named from its mineral origin), lithops [20] (the name of a small pebble-like plant, coined in the 1920s, which means literally ‘stoneface’ in Greek), lithosphere [19] (the solid outer layer of the Earth), lithotomy [18] (the surgical removal of stones from the bladder), megalith [19], monolith [19], and the various terms for subdivisions of the Stone Age, such as Neolithic [19] and Paleolithic [19]. Lithography itself, which denotes a method of printing from a flat surface, means etymologically ‘stone-writing’, reflecting the fact that the original printing surfaces in this process were of stone (they are now usually metal).
[lithograph etymology, lithograph origin, 英语词源]
litho-: before vowels, lith-, word-forming element meaning "stone, rock;" from comb. form of Greek lithos "stone, a precious stone, marble; a piece on a game board," of unknown origin.
lithograph (n.): 1828, back-formation from lithography. As a verb, from 1825. Related: Lithographed; lithographer; lithographic.
lithography (n.): 1813, from German Lithographie (c. 1804), coined from Greek lithos "stone" (see litho-) + graphein "to write" (see -graphy). The original printing surfaces were of stone. Process invented 1796 by Alois Senefelder of Munich (1771-1833). Hence, lithograph "a lithographic print," a back-formation first attested 1828. Earlier senses, now obsolete, were "description of stones or rocks" (1708) and "art of engraving on precious stones" (1730).
lithology (n.): study of rock-formation, 1716, from Modern Latin lithologia, from litho- + -logia (see -logy).
lithosphere (n.): "solid part of the earth's surface," 1881; see litho- "stone" + sphere.
lithotomy (n.): 1721, from Late Latin lithotomia, from Greek lithotomia, from lithos "stone" (see litho-) + -tomia "cutting" (see -tomy).
lithotripsy (n.): 1834, from litho- + -tripsy, from Greek tripsis "rubbing," from tribein "to rub, thresh, pound, wear out," from PIE root *tere- (1) "to rub, turn, twist" (see throw (v.)). Klein says the intended Greek word is thryptein "to crush" and there has been "confusion" with tribein.