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gules [gules 词源字典]: gules: see gullet
[gules etymology, gules origin, 英语词源]
gulf: gulf: [14] Gulf comes from Greek kólphos, which meant originally ‘bosom’. It was later extended metaphorically to denote ‘bag’, and also ‘trough between waves’, and these senses (the latter modified to ‘abyss’) followed it through Vulgar Latin *colphus, Italian golfo, and French golphe into English. The derivative engulf, based on the sense ‘abyss’, dates from the mid-16th century.
gull: gull: [15] Gull is a Celtic contribution to English. It was probably borrowed from Welsh gwylan, which together with Cornish guilan, Breton gwelan, and Old Irish foilenn, goes back to a prehistoric Old Celtic *voilenno-. (The Old English word for ‘gull’ was mǣw, as in modern English sea mew.)
gullet: gullet: [14] Latin gula meant ‘throat’. It was a descendant of Indo-European *gel- ‘swallow’, which also produced German kehle ‘throat’ and English glut and glutton. Gula passed into Old French as gole or goule (whence modern French gueule ‘mouth’), where it formed the basis of a diminutive form goulet, acquired by English as gullet (and later, in the 16th century, as gully, which originally meant ‘gullet’). The English heraldic term gules ‘red’ [14] also comes from Old French gole, goule, in the specialized sense ‘red fur neckpiece’.
=> glut, glutton, gules, gully
gullible: gullible: [19] Gullible is a derivative of the now archaic gull ‘dupe’, itself a verbal use of the noun gull ‘gullible person, simpleton’. This appears to have been a figurative extension of an earlier gull ‘newly hatched bird’ [14], which survived dialectally into the late 19th century, and was itself perhaps a noun use of the obsolete adjective gull ‘yellow’ (borrowed from Old Norse gulr and still extant in Swedish and Danish gul ‘yellow’). Some etymologists, however, derive the noun gull ‘simpleton’ from an obsolete verb gull ‘swallow’ [16], which goes back ultimately to Old French gole, goule ‘throat’ (source of English gullet).
jugular: jugular: see yoke
regular: regular: [14] Regular ‘according to a rule’ is the most instantly recognizable English descendant of Latin rēgula ‘rule’ (others include rail ‘bar’ and rule). It goes back ultimately to the same Indo-European base as produced Latin regere ‘rule’ (source of English rector, regent, etc) and rēx ‘king’ (source of English regal, royal, etc). From it was derived the late Latin verb rēgulāre, which has given English regulate [17], and may also lie behind rile ‘annoy’ [19], a variant of an earlier roil which was possibly imported via Old French ruiler ‘mix mortar’.
=> rector, regent, regulate, rile, rule
singular: singular: [14] Singular comes ultimately from Latin singulāris ‘alone of its kind’, a derivative of singulus ‘single’. It reached English via Old French singuler as singuler (the modern spelling singular is a 17th-century relatinization). The word’s grammatical application, and its use for ‘remarkable, extraordinary’, both developed in Latin.
=> single
ungulate: ungulate: see nail
virgule: virgule: see verge
angular (adj.): 1590s, from Latin angularis "having corners or angles," from angulus (see angle (n.)). Earlier in an astrological sense, "occupying a cardinal point of the zodiac" (late 14c.). Angulous "having many corners" is from mid-15c.
angularity (n.): 1640s; see angular + -ity.
anticoagulant: 1905, adjective and noun, from anti- + coagulant.
arugula (n.): edible cruciform plant (Eruca sativa) used originally in the Mediterranean region as a salad; the American English and Australian form of the name is (via Italian immigrants) from dialectal variant of Italian ruchetta, a diminutive form of ruca-, from Latin eruca, a name of some cabbage-like plant, from PIE *gher(s)-uka-, from root *ghers- "to bristle" (see horror).

In England, the usual name is rocket (see rocket (n.1)), which is from Italian ruchetta via French roquette. It also sometimes is called hedge mustard.
biangular (adj.): also bi-angular, by 1770; see bi- + angular.
Caligula: cognomen of the third Roman emperor (12 C.E.-41 C.E.), born Gaius Caesar. The nickname is Latin, literally "little boot," given when he joined his father on military campaigns when still a toddler, in full, child-sized military gear; diminutive of caliga "heavy military shoe," which is of unknown origin.
coagulant (n.): 1770, from Latin coagulantem (nominative coagulans), present participle of coagulare (see coagulate).
coagulate (v.): early 15c., from Latin coagulatus, past participle of coagulare "to cause to curdle," from cogere "to curdle, collect" (see cogent). Earlier coagule, c. 1400, from Middle French coaguler. Related: Coagulated; coagulating.
coagulation (n.): c. 1400, from Latin coagulationem (nominative coagulatio), noun of action from past participle stem of coagulare (see coagulate).
deregulate (v.): 1963, back-formation from deregulation. Related: Deregulated; deregulating.
engulf (v.): 1550s, from en- (1) "make, put in" + gulf (n.) or else from Old French engolfer. Originally of seas, whirlpools, etc.; by 1711 of fire and other mediums. Figurative use from 1590s. Related: Engulfed; engulfing.
equiangular (adj.): 1650s; see equi- + angular. French équiangle is from 16c.
gulag (n.): system of prisons and labor camps, especially for political detainees, in the former Soviet Union; rough acronym from Russian Glavnoe upravlenie ispravitel'no-trudovykh lagerei "Chief Administration of Corrective Labor Camps," set up in 1931.
gulch (n.): "deep ravine," 1832, perhaps from obsolete or dialectal verb gulsh "sink in" (of land), "gush out" (of water), from Middle English gulchen "to gush forth; to drink greedily" (c. 1200). Compare gulche-cuppe "a greedy drinker" (mid-13c.). "There appears to be no etymological connection with gully" [Century Dictionary].
gules (adj.): "red," in heraldic descriptions, c. 1300, from Old French goules "neckpiece of (red) fur," plural of gole, guele "throat," from Latin gula "throat" (see gullet). Or perhaps the reference is to the red open mouth of the heraldic lion. Derivation from Persian gul "a rose" is "a poetical fancy" [Century Dictionary].
gulf (n.): late 14c., "profound depth," from Old French golf "a gulf, whirlpool," from Italian golfo "a gulf, a bay," from Late Latin colfos, from Greek kolpos "bay, gulf of the sea," earlier "trough between waves, fold of a loose garment," originally "bosom," the common notion being "curved shape." This is from PIE *kwelp- "to arch, to vault" (compare Old English hwealf, a-hwielfan "to overwhelm"). Latin sinus underwent the same development, being used first for "bosom," later for "gulf" (and in Medieval Latin, "hollow curve or cavity in the body"). The geographic sense "large tract of water extending into the land" (larger than a bay, smaller than a sea, but the distinction is not exact and not always observed) is in English from c. 1400, replacing Old English sæ-earm. Figurative sense of "a wide interval" is from 1550s. The U.S. Gulf States so called from 1836. The Gulf Stream (1775) takes its name from the Gulf of Mexico.
gull (n.1): shore bird, early 15c. (in a cook book), probably from Brythonic Celtic; compare Welsh gwylan "gull," Cornish guilan, Breton goelann; all from Old Celtic *voilenno-. Replaced Old English mæw (see mew (n.1)).
gull (n.2): cant term for "dupe, sucker, credulous person," 1590s, of uncertain origin. Perhaps from verb meaning "to dupe, cheat" (see gull (v.)). Or it is perhaps from (or influenced by) the bird name (see gull (n.1)); in either case with a sense of "someone who will swallow anything thrown at him." Another possibility is Middle English gull, goll "newly hatched bird" (late 14c.), which is perhaps from Old Norse golr "yellow," from the hue of its down.
gull (v.): "to dupe, cheat, mislead by deception," 1540s, earlier "to swallow" (1520s), ultimately from gull "throat, gullet" (early 15c.); see gullet. Related: Gulled; gulling.
Gullah: "of or pertaining to blacks on the sea-islands of Georgia and South Carolina," 1739 (first attested as a male slave's proper name), of uncertain origin. Early 19c. folk etymology made it a shortening of Angola (homeland of many slaves) or traced it to a West African tribal group called the Golas.
gullet (n.): "passage from the mouth of an animal to the stomach," c. 1300 (as a surname), from Old French golet "neck (of a bottle); gutter; bay, creek," diminutive of gole "throat, neck" (Modern French gueule), from Latin gula "throat," also "appetite," from PIE root *gwele- (3) "to swallow" (cognates: Latin gluttire "to gulp down, devour," glutto "a glutton;" Old English ceole "throat;" Old Church Slavonic glutu "gullet," Russian glot "draught, gulp;" Old Irish gelim "I devour").
gullibility (n.): 1782, earlier cullibility (1728), probably from gull (n.2) "dupe, sucker" + -ability.
gullible (adj.): 1821, apparently a back-formation from gullibility. Spelling gullable is attested from 1818.
Gulliver: male proper name, from Old French goulafre "glutton," a very common name, found as a surname in Domesday Book (William Gulafra).
gully (n.): "channel in earth made by running water," 1650s, possibly a variant of Middle English golet "water channel" (see gullet). Gully-washer, American English colloquial for "heavy rainstorm," attested by 1887.
gulp (v.): late 14c., a native coinage or else from Flemish gulpe or Dutch gulpen "to gush, pour forth, guzzle, swallow," in any case possibly of imitative origin (compare Swedish dialectal glapa "to gulp down"). Related: Gulped; gulping.
gulp (n.): 1560s, from gulp (v.), or else from Flemish gulpe, Dutch gulp "stream of water, large draught."
irregular (adj.): late 14c., "not in conformity with Church rules," from Old French irreguler (13c., Modern French irrégulier), from Medieval Latin irregularis, from assimilated form of in- "not, opposite of" (see in- (1)) + Latin regularis (see regular (adj.)). General sense is from late 15c.
irregular (n.): "a soldier not of the regular army," 1747, from irregular (adj.).
irregularity (n.): early 14c., "violation of Church rules," from Old French irregularité (14c.) and directly from Medieval Latin irregularitas, from irregularis (see irregular). Meaning "state of being not regular" is from 1590s.
jugular (adj.): 1590s, "pertaining to the throat or neck" (especially in reference to the great veins of the neck), from Modern Latin jugularis, from Latin iugulum "collarbone, throat, neck," diminutive of iugum "yoke," related to iungere "to join," from PIE *yeug- "to join" (cognates: Sanskrit yugam "yoke," yunjati "binds, harnesses," yogah "union;" Hittite yugan "yoke;" Greek zygon "yoke," zeugnyanai "to join, unite;" Old Church Slavonic igo, Old Welsh iou "yoke;" Lithuanian jungas "yoke," jungiu "fastened in a yoke;" Old English geoc "yoke;" probably also Latin iuxta "close by"). As a noun, 1610s, from the adjective.
mogul (n.1): "powerful person," 1670s, from Great Mogul, Mongol emperor of India after the conquest of 1520s, from Persian and Arabic mughal, mughul, alteration of Mongol (q.v.), the Asiatic people.
mogul (n.2): "elevation on a ski slope," 1961, probably [Barnhart] from Scandinavian (compare dialectal Norwegian mugje, fem. muga, "a heap, a mound"), or [OED] from southern German dialect mugel in the same sense.
quadrangular (adj.): early 15c., from Medieval Latin quadrangularis "having four corners," from Late Latin quadrangulus (see quadrangle).
rectangular (adj.): 1620s, from Middle French rectangulaire (16c.) or formed in English from Latin stem of rectangle + -ar. Related: Rectangularity.
regular (adj.): late 14c., from Old French reguler "ecclesiastical" (Modern French régulier), from Late Latin regularis "containing rules for guidance," from Latin regula "rule," from PIE *reg- "move in a straight line" (see regal).

Earliest sense was of religious orders (the opposite of secular). Extended from late 16c. to shapes, etc., that followed predictable or uniform patterns; sense of "normal" is from 1630s; meaning "real, genuine" is from 1821. Old English borrowed Latin regula and nativized it as regol "rule, regulation, canon, law, standard, pattern;" hence regolsticca "ruler" (instrument); regollic (adj.) "canonical, regular."
regular (n.): c. 1400, "member of a religious order," from regular (adj.). Sense of "soldier of a standing army" is from 1756. Meaning "regular customer" is from 1852; meaning "leaded gasoline" is from 1978.
regularity (n.): c. 1600, from Middle French regularite, from Medieval Latin *regularitas, from Latin regularis (see regular (adj.)).
regularize (v.): 1620s, from regular (adj.) + -ize. Related: Regularized; regularizing.
regularly (adv.): 1520s, "at proper times," from regular + -ly (2). Meaning "in accordance with rules" is from 1560s.