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calligraphy [calligraphy 词源字典]: calligraphy: see kaleidoscope
[calligraphy etymology, calligraphy origin, 英语词源]
choreography: choreography: [18] Choreography ‘arrangement of dances’ comes from French choréographie, which was based on Greek khoreíā ‘dance’, a derivative of khorós. (Source of English chorus, choir, and possibly also carol, this originally encompassed dancing as well as singing.) Khoreíā passed into Latin as chorea, applied in English to various muscular disorders (such as Huntington’s chorea); the usage probably originated in the Latin phrase chorea sancti Viti ‘St Vitus’s dance’.
=> carol, choir, chorea, chorus
geography: geography: [16] All the English ‘geo-’ words (geography, geology [18], geometry [14], etc) come ultimately from Greek gē ‘earth’, a word probably of pre-Indo-European origin, whose Homeric form gaia was used as the name of the Greek goddess of the earth. Geography denotes literally the ‘describing of the earth’; geometry the ‘measuring of the earth’ (from its early application to the measuring of land and surveying).
=> geology, geometry
pornography: pornography: [19] Pornography denotes etymologically the ‘depiction of prostitutes’; and indeed Webster’s dictionary 1864 defined the word as ‘licentious painting employed to decorate the walls of rooms sacred to bacchanalian orgies, examples of which occur in Pompeii’. Originally in English it was mainly reserved to classical Greek and Roman examples of the genre, and the application to contemporary books, magazines, etc did not emerge strongly until the 1880s. The term originated in Greek, based on pórnē ‘prostitute’, and reached English via French.
angiography (n.): 1731, from angio- + -graphy.
astrophotography (n.): 1858, from astro- + photography.
autobiography (n.): 1797, from auto- + biography. Related: Autobiographical.
bibliography (n.): 1670s, "the writing of books," from Greek bibliographia "the writing of books," from biblio- + graphos "(something) drawn or written" (see -graphy). Sense of "a list of books that form the literature of a subject" is first attested 1869. Related: Bibliographic.
biogeography (n.): also bio-geography, 1892, from bio- + geography. Related: Biogeographical.
biography (n.): 1680s, probably from Latin biographia, from Late Greek biographia "description of life," from Greek bio- "life" (see bio-) + graphia "record, account" (see -graphy). Biographia was not in classical Greek (bios alone was the word for it), though it is attested in later Greek from c.500.
caligraphy (n.): alternative spelling of calligraphy.
calligraphy (n.): 1610s, from Greek kaligraphia, from kallos "beauty" (see Callisto) + graphein "to write" (see -graphy). Related: Calligraphic. The usual comb. form in Greek was kalli- "beautiful, fine, happy, favorable;" kalo- was a later, rarer alternative form.
cartography (n.): 1843, from French cartographie, from Medieval Latin carta (see card (n.)) + French -graphie, from Greek -graphein "to write, to draw" (see -graphy). Related: Cartographer; cartographic.
chirography (n.): "handwriting," 1650s, from chiro- + -graphy. Chirograph "formal written legal document" is attested from late 13c. in Anglo-French, from Latin chirographum, from Greek kheirographia "written testimony."
choreography (n.): 1789, from French chorégraphie, coined from Latinized form of Greek khoreia "dance" (see chorus) + graphein "to write" (see -graphy). Related: Choreographic.
chromatography (n.): 1731, from chromato-, Latinized comb. form of Greek khroma (genitive khromatos) "color" (see chroma), denoting "color" or "chromatin" + -graphy. Related: Chromatograph.
cinematography (n.): 1896, from cinematograph (1896), which has been displaced in English by its shortened form, cinema; from French cínématographe + -graphy.
climatography (n.): 1813, from comb. form of climate + -graphy. Related: Climatographic.
cosmography (n.): "description of the universe," mid-15c., from cosmo- + -graphy. Related: Cosmographic.
cryptography (n.): 1650s, from French cryptographie or directly from Modern Latin cryptographia, from Greek kryptos "hidden" (see crypt) + -graphy. Related: Cryptograph; cryptographer.
demography (n.): 1880, from Greek demos "people" (see demotic) + -graphy.
discography (n.): 1933; see disc + -graphy.
ethnography (n.): "science of the description and classification of the races of mankind," 1812, perhaps from German Ethnographie; see ethno- "race, culture" + -graphy "study." Related: Ethnographer; ethnographic.
filmography (n.): 1962, from film (n.) + ending from bibliography, etc.
flexography (n.): type of rotary printing technique, 1952, from comb. form of flexible (in reference to the plate used) + -graphy in the literal sense.
-graphy: word-forming element meaning "process of writing or recording" or "a writing, recording, or description" (in modern use especially in forming names of descriptive sciences), from French or German -graphie, from Greek -graphia "description of," used in abstract nouns from graphein "write, express by written characters," earlier "to draw, represent by lines drawn," originally "to scrape, scratch" (on clay tablets with a stylus), from PIE root *gerbh- "to scratch, carve" (see carve).
geography (n.): "the science of description of the earth's surface in its present condition," 1540s, from Middle French géographie (15c.), from Latin geographia, from Greek geographia "description of the earth's surface," from geo- "earth" + -graphia "description" (see -graphy).
hagiography (n.): "sacred writing," especially of saints' lives, 1821, from hagio- "holy" + -graphy. Related: Hagiographic (1809); hagiographical (1580s); hagiographer (1650s).
haplography (n.): "scribal error of writing only once a letter that should have been written twice," 1884; see haplo- + -graphy.
heterography (n.): "incorrect spelling," 1783; see hetero- + -graphy. Also "inconsistent but current spellings within a language" (as English, in all ages), 1847.
historiography (n.): 1560s; see from history + -graphy. Related: Historiographer.
holography (n.): early 19c., of writing, from holograph + -y (4); physics sense, "process of using holograms," is from 1964, coined by discoverer, Hungarian-born physicist Gábor Dénes (1900-1979), from hologram on analogy of telegraphy/telegram.
hydrography (n.): 1550s, from hydro- + -graphy. Related: Hydrographic
iconography (n.): 1620s, from Medieval Latin iconographia, from Greek eikonographia "sketch, description," from eikon (see icon) + -graphia (see -graphy). Related: Iconographic.
lexicography (n.): 1670s, from lexico- + -graphy. Related: Lexicographic; lexicographical.
lithography (n.): 1813, from German Lithographie (c. 1804), coined from Greek lithos "stone" (see litho-) + graphein "to write" (see -graphy). The original printing surfaces were of stone. Process invented 1796 by Alois Senefelder of Munich (1771-1833). Hence, lithograph "a lithographic print," a back-formation first attested 1828. Earlier senses, now obsolete, were "description of stones or rocks" (1708) and "art of engraving on precious stones" (1730).
macrophotography (n.): 1863, from macro- + photography.
mammography (n.): 1937, from mammo- + -graphy.
micrography (n.): 1650s, "description of microscopic objects," from micro- + -graphy. From 1899 as "art of writing in very small letters."
oceanography (n.): 1859, coined in English from ocean + -graphy; on analogy of geography. French océanographie is attested from 1580s but is said to have been rare before 1876. Related: Oceanographic.
orthography (n.): "correct or proper spelling," mid-15c., ortographie, from Middle French orthographie (Old French ortografie, 13c.), from Latin orthographia, from Greek orthographia "correct writing," from orthos "correct" (see ortho-) + root of graphein "to write" (see -graphy). Related: Orthographer.
photography (n.): 1839, from photo- + -graphy. See photograph.
pornography (n.): 1843, "ancient obscene painting, especially in temples of Bacchus," from French pornographie, from Greek pornographos "(one) depicting prostitutes," from porne "prostitute," originally "bought, purchased" (with an original notion, probably of "female slave sold for prostitution"), related to pernanai "to sell," from PIE root *per- (5) "to traffic in, to sell" (see price (n.)) + graphein "to write" (see -graphy). A brothel in ancient Greek was a porneion.
Pornography, or obscene painting, which in the time of the Romans was practiced with the grossest license, prevailed especially at no particular period in Greece, but was apparently tolerated to a considerable extent at all times. Parrhasius, Aristides, Pausanias, Nicophanes, Chaerephanes, Arellius, and a few other [pornographoi] are mentioned as having made themselves notorious for this species of license. [Charles Anthon, "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities," New York, 1843]
In reference to modern works by 1859 (originally French novels), later as a charge against native literature; sense of "obscene pictures" in modern times is from 1906. Also sometimes used late 19c. for "description of prostitutes" as a matter of public hygiene. The "Medical Archives" in 1873 proposed porniatria for "the lengthy and really meaningless expression 'social evil hospital' ...."
I shall not today attempt further to define the kinds of material I understand to be embraced within that shorthand description [hard-core pornography]; and perhaps I could never succeed in intelligibly doing so. But I know it when I see it, and the motion picture involved in this case is not that. [U.S. Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart, concurring opinion, "Jacobellis v. Ohio," 1964]
In ancient contexts, often paired with rhypography, "genre painting of low, sordid, or unsuitable subjects." Pornocracy (1860) is "the dominating influence of harlots," used specifically of the government of Rome during the first half of the 10th century by Theodora and her daughters. Pornotopia (1966) was coined to describe the ideal erotic-world of pornographic movies.
pseudepigraphy (n.): "ascription of false authorship to a book," 1842, probably via German or French, from pseudo- + epigraph + -y (1). Related: Pseudepigrapha; pseudepigraphic (1830); pseudepigraphical (1838); pseudepigraphal (1630s).
psychography (n.): 1883, "history of an individual soul; the natural history of the phenomenon of mind," from psycho- + -graphy. Meaning "spirit-writing" is from 1876.
radiography (n.): 1896, from radiograph (1880), originally a device to measure sunshine; from radio-, comb. form of radiation, + -graph. As a type of image-making device, from 1896.
stenography (n.): "shorthand," c. 1600, from steno- "narrow" + -graphy. Related: Stenographic; stenographical.
stratigraphy (n.): "description of strata," 1865, from Latin strati-, comb. form of stratum (see stratum) + -graphy. Related: Stratigraphic; stratigraphical.
stratography (n.): "description of armies," 1810, from comb. form of Greek stratos "army, encamped army" (see strategy) + -graphy.
tachygraphy (n.): "shorthand, stenography," 1640s, from Latinized form of Greek takhygraphia, from takhys "swift" (see tachy-) + -graphia (see -graphy). Related: Tachygraphic; tachygrapher "stenographer" (especially among the ancients; see Tironian).