英语词源字典 - 在线词源网站

budget [budget 词源字典]: budget: [15] Originally, a budget was a ‘pouch’. English got the word from Old French bougette, which was a diminutive form of bouge ‘leather bag’ (from which we get bulge). This came from Latin bulga, which may have been of Gaulish origin (medieval Irish bolg ‘bag’ has been compared). The word’s financial connotations arose in the 18th century, the original notion being that the government minister concerned with treasury affairs opened his budget, or wallet, to reveal what fiscal measures he had in mind.

The first reference to the expression occurs in a pamphlet called The budget opened 1733 directed against Sir Robert Walpole: ‘And how is this to be done? Why by an Alteration only of the present Method of collecting the publick Revenues … So then, out it comes at last. The Budget is opened; and our State Empirick hath dispensed his packets by his Zany Couriers through all parts of the Kingdom … I do not pretend to understand this Art of political Legerdemain’.

The earliest recorded use of the word non-satirically in this sense seems to be from 1764.
=> bulge[budget etymology, budget origin, 英语词源]
dairy: dairy: [13] Etymologically, a dairy is a place where a female kneader of bread works. The term for such an operative in Old English was dǣge, which came from the same Indo- European base (*dheigh-) as produced dough and the second syllable of lady. In Middle English this became deie or daye, and gradually progressed in meaning through ‘female servant’ in general to ‘female farm-servant’ and ‘dairymaid’, concerned with the keeping of milk and making it into butter and cheese (the word survived into modern times in Scottish English). From it was derived deierie or dayerie, to denote the place where such a woman worked.
=> dough, lady
particular: particular: [14] Latin particula (source of English parcel and particle) was a diminutive form of pars ‘part’, and denoted ‘small part’. From it was derived the adjective particulāris, which denoted ‘concerned with small parts, or details’ (as opposed to ‘concerned with wider aspects of a matter’). English acquired it via Old French particuler.
=> part, particle
practice: practice: [15] The ultimate source of practice is Greek prássein ‘do, practise’. From its base *prak- were derived the noun praxis ‘doing, action’ (source of English praxis [16]) and the adjective praktós ‘to be done’. On this was based praktikós ‘concerned with action, practical’. This passed into English via late Latin practicus as practice [14], which was later superseded by practical [17].

From practicus was derived the medieval Latin verb practicāre, later practizāre. This passed into English via Old French practiser as practise [15]. The derived noun practise was altered to practice in the 16th century, on the analogy of pairs like advice/advise.
=> practical, practise, pragmatic, praxis
tactic: tactic: [17] Tactics denotes etymologically ‘arrangement, setting in order’. It goes back ultimately to Greek tássein ‘put in order’, hence ‘arrange in battle formation’. From this was derived taktós ‘arranged’, which formed the basis of the further adjective taktikós ‘concerned with arrangement or (military) planning’ (source of English tactic and tactical [16]). It was used in the plural, taktiká, for ‘matters relating to arrangement’, and this served as a model for English tactics.
alchemy (n.): mid-14c., from Old French alchimie (14c.), alquemie (13c.), from Medieval Latin alkimia, from Arabic al-kimiya, from Greek khemeioa (found c.300 C.E. in a decree of Diocletian against "the old writings of the Egyptians"), all meaning "alchemy." Perhaps from an old name for Egypt (Khemia, literally "land of black earth," found in Plutarch), or from Greek khymatos "that which is poured out," from khein "to pour," related to khymos "juice, sap" [Klein, citing W. Muss-Arnolt, calls this folk etymology]. The word seems to have elements of both origins.
Mahn ... concludes, after an elaborate investigation, that Gr. khymeia was probably the original, being first applied to pharmaceutical chemistry, which was chiefly concerned with juices or infusions of plants; that the pursuits of the Alexandrian alchemists were a subsequent development of chemical study, and that the notoriety of these may have caused the name of the art to be popularly associated with the ancient name of Egypt. [OED]
The al- is the Arabic definite article, "the." The art and the name were adopted by the Arabs from Alexandrians and thence returned to Europe via Spain. Alchemy was the "chemistry" of the Middle Ages and early modern times; since c. 1600 the word has been applied distinctively to the pursuit of the transmutation of baser metals into gold, which, along with the search for the universal solvent and the panacea, were the chief occupations of early chemistry.
below (adv.): early 14c., biloogh, from be- "by, about" + logh, lou, lowe "low" (see low (adj.)). Apparently a variant of earlier a-lowe (influenced by other adverbs in be-; see before), the parallel form to an-high (now on high). Beneath was the usual word; below was very rare in Middle English and gained currency only in 16c. It is frequent in Shakespeare. As a preposition from 1570s. According to Fowler, below is the opposite of above and concerns difference of level and suggests comparison of independent things. Under is the opposite of over and is concerned with superposition and subjection and suggests some interrelation.
electrician (n.): 1751, "scientist concerned with electricity;" 1869 as "technician concerned with electrical systems and appliances;" see electric + -ian.
fatal (adj.): late 14c., "decreed by fate," also "fraught with fate," from Middle French fatal (14c.) and directly from Latin fatalis "ordained by fate, decreed, destined; destructive, deadly," from fatum (see fate (n.)); sense of "causing or attended with death" in English is from early 15c. Meaning "concerned with or dealing with destiny" is from mid-15c.
financier (n.): 1610s, "one concerned with finances" (especially public), from French financier (16c.), from finance (see finance (n.)). Sense of "capitalist, one skilled in financial operations" is first recorded 1867.
gnomic (adj.): "full of instructive sayings," 1784, from French gnomique (18c.) and directly from Late Latin gnomicus "concerned with maxims, didactic," from Greek gnomikos, from gnome "a means of knowing, a mark, token; the mind (as the organ of knowing), thought, judgment, intelligence; (one's) mind, will, purpose; a judgment, opinion; maxim, the opinion of wise men," from root of gignoskein "to come to know" (see gnostic (adj.)). Gnomical is attested from 1610s.
high (adj.): Old English heh (Anglian), heah (West Saxon) "of great height, lofty, tall, exalted, high-class," from Proto-Germanic *haukhaz (cognates: Old Saxon hoh, Old Norse har, Danish høi, Swedish hög, Old Frisian hach, Dutch hoog, Old High German hoh, German hoch, Gothic hauhs "high;" also German Hügel "hill," Old Norse haugr "mound"), perhaps related to Lithuanian kaukara "hill." Spelling with -gh represents a final guttural sound in the original word, lost since 14c.

Of sound pitch, late 14c. Of roads, "most frequented or important," c. 1200. Meaning "euphoric or exhilarated from alcohol" is first attested 1620s, of drugs, 1932. Sense of "proud, haughty, arrogant, supercilious" (c. 1200) is reflected in high hand (late 14c.) and high horse. High seas first attested late 14c., with sense (also found in the Latin cognate) of "deep" as well as "tall" (cognates: Old English heahflod "deep water," also Old Persian baršan "height, depth"). Of an evil or a punishment, "grave, serious, severe" (as in high treason), c. 1200 (Old English had heahsynn "deadly sin, crime").

High pressure (adj.) is from 1824, of engines, 1891, of weather systems, 1933, of sales pitches. A child's high chair is from 1848. High school "school for advanced studies" attested from late 15c. in Scotland; by 1824 in U.S. High time "fully time, the fullness of time," is from late 14c. High noon is from early 14c.; the sense is "full, total, complete." High and mighty is c. 1200 (heh i mahhte). High finance (1905) is that concerned with large sums. High and dry of beached things (especially ships) is from 1783. High-water mark is what is left by a flood or highest tide (1550s); figurative use by 1814.
humanities: 1702; plural of humanity, which was used in English from late 15c. in a sense "class of studies concerned with human culture" (opposed variously at different times to divinity or sciences). Latin literae humaniores, they were those branches of literature (ancient classics, rhetoric, poetry) which tended to humanize or refine.
illiberal (adj.): 1530s, "ungentlemanly, base, mean," from Middle French illiberal (14c.), from Latin illiberalis "ungenerous, mean, sordid; unworthy of a freeman," from assimilated form of in- "not, opposite of" (see in- (1)) + liberalis (see liberal). A sense of "narrow-minded politically; unconcerned with the rights or liberties of others" is attested from 1640s, and might conceivably be revived to take up some of the burden that drags down conservative.
liaison (n.): 1640s, from French liaison "a union, a binding together" (13c.), from Late Latin ligationem (nominative ligatio) "a binding," from past participle stem of Latin ligare "to bind" (see ligament). Originally a cookery term for a thickening agent for sauces. Sense of "intimate relations" is from 1806. Military sense of "cooperation between branches, allies, etc." is from 1816. The noun meaning "one who is concerned with liaison of units, etc." is short for liaison officer.
Martha: fem. proper name, from Aramaic Maretha, literally "lady, mistress," fem. of mar, mara "lord, master." As the type name of one concerned with domestic affairs, it is from Luke x:40, 41. Martha's Vineyard discovered 1602 by English explorer Gabriel Archer and apparently named by him, but the identity of the Martha he had in mind is unknown now.
matter-of-fact: also matter of fact, 1570s as a noun, originally a legal term (translating Latin res facti), "that portion of an enquiry concerned with the truth or falsehood of alleged facts," opposed to matter of law. As an adjective from 1712. Meaning "prosaic, unimaginative" is from 1787. Related: Matter-of-factly; matter-of-factness. German Tatsache is said to be a loan-translation of the English word.
mechanic (n.): "manual laborer," late 14c., from Latin mechanicus, from Greek mekhanikos "an engineer," noun use of adjective meaning "full of resources, inventive, ingenious" (see mechanic (adj.)). Sense of "one who is employed in manual labor, a handicraft worker, an artisan" (chief sense through early 19c.) is attested from 1560s. Sense of "skilled workman who is concerned with making or repair of machinery" is from 1660s, but not the main sense until the rise of the automobile.
meddle (v.): early 14c., "to mingle, blend, mix," from Old North French medler (Old French mesler, 12c., Modern French mêler) "to mix, mingle, to meddle," from Vulgar Latin *misculare (source of Provençal mesclar, Spanish mezclar, Italian mescolare, meschiare), from Latin miscere "to mix" (see mix (v.)). From late 14c. as "busy oneself, be concerned with, engage in;" also disparagingly "interfere, be officious, make a nuisance of oneself" (the notion is of meddling too much). From mid-14c. to 1700, it also was a euphemism for "have sexual intercourse." Related: Meddled; meddling.
neonatology (n.): branch of medicine concerned with newborn infants, 1960, from neonate "recently born infant" + -ology.
ordnance (n.): "cannon, artillery," 1540s, a clipped form of ordinance (q.v.) which was attested from late 14c. in the sense of "military materials, provisions of war;" a sense now obsolete but which led to those of "engines for discharging missiles" (early 15c.) and "branch of the military concerned with stores and materials" (late 15c.). The shorter word was established in these distinct senses by 17c. Ordnance survey (1833), official survey of Great Britain and Ireland, was undertaken by the government under the direction of the Master-General of the Ordnance (the natural choice, gunners being thoroughly trained in surveying ranges and distances).
pragmatical (adj.): 1590s, "concerned with practical results," from Latin pragmaticus (see pragmatic) + -al (1). Related: Pragmatically.
psychic (adj.): 1872, "of or pertaining to the human soul" (earlier psychical, 1640s), from Greek psykhikos "of the soul, spirit, or mind" (opposed to somatikos), also (New Testament) "concerned with the life only, animal, natural," from psykhe "soul, mind, life" (see psyche). Meaning "characterized by psychic gifts" first recorded 1871.
qualitative (adj.): early 15c., "that produces a (physical) quality," from Medieval Latin qualitativus "relating to quality," from stem of Latin qualitas "a quality, property, nature" (see quality). Meaning "concerned with quality" is from c. 1600 in English, from French qualitatif or Medieval Latin qualitativus. Related: Qualitatively.
remedial (adj.): 1650s, "curing, relieving, affording a remedy," from Late Latin remedialis "healing, curing," from Latin remedium (see remedy (n.)). Educational sense of "concerned with improving skills" is first recorded 1924.
scullery (n.): mid-15c. (early 14c. as a surname), "household department concerned with the care of kitchen utensils," from Old French escuelerie "office of the servant in charge of plates, etc.," from escuelier "keeper of the dishes," from escuele "dish" (12c., Modern French écuelle), from Latin scutella "serving platter, silver" (see scuttle (n.)).
semiology (n.): 1690s, "sign language," from Greek semeion "a sign, mark, token," from sema (compare semiotic) + -ology. As "branch of medical science concerned with symptoms," 1839; as "logical theory of signs" from 1923. Related: Semiological.
sensuality (n.): mid-14c., "the part of man that is concerned with the senses," from Old French sensualite "the five senses; impression," from Late Latin sensualitatem (nominative sensualitas) "capacity for sensation," from Latin sensualis "endowed with feeling, sensitive," from sensus "feeling" (see sense (n.)). Chiefly "animal instincts and appetites," hence "the lower nature regarded as a source of evil, lusts of the flesh" (1620s).
therapeutic (adj.): pertaining to the healing of disease, 1640s, from Modern Latin therapeuticus "curing, healing," from Greek therapeutikos, from therapeutein "to cure, treat medically," primarily "do service, take care of, provide for," of unknown origin, related to therapon "attendant." Therapeutic was used from 1540s as a noun meaning "the branch of medicine concerned with treatment of disease." Related: Therapeutical (c. 1600).
valetudinarian (n.): "one who is constantly concerned with his own ailments," 1703, from valetudinary (1580s), from Latin valetudinarius, from valetudo "state of health" (either good or bad), from valere "be strong" (see valiant) + -tudo, abstract noun suffix (see -tude). Valetudinary (adj.) "sickly" is recorded from 1580s.
palaeontology: "The branch of science concerned with fossil animals and plants", Mid 19th century: from palaeo- + Greek onta 'beings' (neuter plural of ōn, present participle of einai 'be') + -logy.
Wernicke's area: "A region of the brain concerned with the comprehension of language, located in the cortex of the dominant temporal lobe. Damage in this area causes Wernicke’s aphasia, characterized by superficially fluent, grammatical speech but an inability to use or understand more than the most basic nouns and verbs", Late 19th century: named after Karl Wernicke (1848–1905), German neuropsychiatrist.
limbic system: "A complex system of nerves and networks in the brain, involving several areas near the edge of the cortex concerned with instinct and mood. It controls the basic emotions (fear, pleasure, anger) and drives (hunger, sex, dominance, care of offspring)", Late 19th century: limbic from French limbique, from Latin limbus 'edge'.
muso: "A musician, especially one over-concerned with technique", 1960s: abbreviation.
domiciliary: "Concerned with or occurring in someone’s home", Late 19th century: from French domiciliaire, from medieval Latin domiciliarius, from Latin domicilium 'dwelling' (see domicile).
pyrology: "The science of fire or heat; specifically the branch of chemistry concerned with the properties and (especially analytical) use of fire", Mid 18th cent.; earliest use found in Historia Litteraria. From pyro- + -logy, after post-classical Latin pyrologia.
Broca's area: "A region of the brain concerned with the production of speech, located in the cortex of the dominant frontal lobe. Damage in this area causes Broca’s aphasia, characterized by hesitant and fragmented speech with little grammatical structure", Late 19th century: named after Paul Broca (1824–80), French surgeon.
acridology: "The branch of entomology concerned with the study of grasshoppers and locusts", 1940s. From acrid- + -ology.
aerophysics: "The physics of the atmosphere; specifically the branch of physics concerned with the movement of missiles, aircraft, etc., through the air", Late 19th cent. From aero- + physics.
citatory: "Chiefly Law . Especially of a document: having the function of citing or summoning someone; relating to or concerned with this action. Especially in letters citatory (also citatory letters). Now chiefly historical", Late Middle English. From post-classical Latin citatorius of or relating to a legal summons (from late 12th cent. in British sources; also in continental sources; compare earlier citatorium (noun) legal summons) from classical Latin citāt-, past participial stem of citāre + -ōrius.
posology: "The part of medicine concerned with dosage", Early 19th century: from French posologie, from Greek posos 'how much' + -logia (see -logy).
agrostography: "A systematic account or description of the grasses; the branch of botany concerned with this", Mid 18th cent.; earliest use found in Temple Henry Croker (1729–?1790), writer. From post-classical Latin agrostographia from agrostis + -graphia.
agroecology: "The application of ecological principles to agricultural systems and practices; the branch of science concerned with this", 1930s. From agro- + ecology.
agrostology: "The branch of botany concerned with grasses", Mid 19th century: from Greek agrōstis (denoting a kind of grass) + -logy.
academia: "The environment or community concerned with the pursuit of research, education, and scholarship", 1950s: from Latin (see academy).
acoustoelectronics: "(With singular concord) the branch of electronics concerned with the application of acoustoelectric phenomena", 1960s.
agricultural science: "The application of science to agriculture; the field of study concerned with this", Late 18th cent.; earliest use found in The Monthly Review.
nucleonics: "The branch of science and technology concerned with atomic nuclei and nucleons, especially the exploitation of nuclear power", 1940s: from nuclear, on the pattern of electronics.
hydrodynamics: "The branch of science concerned with forces acting on or exerted by fluids (especially liquids)", Late 18th century: from modern Latin hydrodynamica, from Greek hudro- 'water' + dunamikos (see dynamic).
-grapher: "Indicating a person concerned with a subject denoted by a noun ending in -graphy (such as geographer corresponding to geography)", From Greek -graphos 'writer' + -er¹.