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calorie: calorie: see cauldron
calomel (n.): old name for mercurous chloride, 1670s, from French calomel, supposedly (Littré) from Greek kalos "fair" (see Callisto) + melas "black;" but as the powder is yellowish-white this seems difficult. "It is perhaps of significance that the salt is blackened by ammonia and alkalis" [Flood].
Calor (n.): proprietary name for a type of liquid gas sold in Britain, 1936, from Latin calor, literally "heat" (see calorie).
caloric (n.): hypothetical fluid in a now-discarded model of heat exchange, 1792, from French calorique, coined in this sense by Lavoisier, from Latin calorem "heat" (nominative calor; see calorie). The adjective is recorded from 1865.
calorie (n.): 1866, from French calorie, from Latin calor (genitive caloris) "heat," from PIE *kle-os-, suffixed form of root *kele- (1) "warm" (cognates: Latin calidus "warm," calere "be hot;" Sanskrit carad- "harvest," literally "hot time;" Lithuanian silti "become warm," silus "August;" Old Norse hlær, Old English hleow "warm").

In scientific use, largely replaced 1950 by the joule. As a unit of energy, defined as "heat required to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius" (the small or gram calorie), but also as "heat required to raise 1 kilogram of water 1 degree Celsius" (the large calorie or kilocalorie).
calorimeter (n.): 1794, from calorie + -meter. A hybrid word.
Decalogue (n.): "Ten Commandments," late 14c., from Middle French decalogue, from Latin decalogus, from Greek, from the phrase hoi deka logoi used to translate "Ten Commandments" in Septuagint.
Tuscaloosa: river in Alabama, first attested in Spanish as Tascaluza, from Choctaw (Muskogean) taska-losa, literally "warrior-black."
escalope: "A thin slice of meat without any bone, typically a special cut of veal from the leg that is coated, fried, and served in a sauce", French; compare with escallop and scallop.
calorific: "Relating to the amount of energy contained in food or fuel", Late 17th century: from Latin calorificus, from calor 'heat'.