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carfax [carfax 词源字典]: carfax: see quarter
[carfax etymology, carfax origin, 英语词源]
dwarf: dwarf: [OE] Dwarf is descended via Germanic *dwergaz from Indo-European *dhwergwhos, which denoted ‘something tiny’. In English, it originally meant simply ‘person of abnormally small stature’; the modern connotation of ‘small manlike creature that lives underground and works metal’, a product of Germanic mythology, is not recorded until the late 18th century. The word’s German relative, zwerg, is the source of English quartz.
=> quartz
scarf: scarf: English has two words scarf. The older, but now less frequent, is ‘joint between two pieces of wood’ [14]. This may have been borrowed from an Old French *escarf, which itself was possibly based ultimately on a Scandinavian source (Swedish has skarf ‘joint between pieces of wood’). The scarf that is worn [16] comes from Old Northern French escarpe. This was equivalent to central Old French escarpe, escherpe, which originally denoted a ‘pilgrim’s bag hung round the neck’. It came via a Frankish *skirpja from Latin scirpea ‘basket made from rushes’, a derivative of scirpus ‘rush’.
wharf: wharf: [OE] Wharf has relatives in German werft ‘wharf, shipyard’ and Dutch werf ‘shipyard’. All three appear to go back to a prehistoric Germanic base *(kh)werb-, *(kh)warb- ‘turn’, which also produced German werfen ‘throw’ and English warp.
=> version, warp
barf (v.): "to vomit or retch,"1960, American English slang, probably imitative. Related: Barfed; barfing. As a noun, from 1966. Barf bag "air sickness pouch" attested from 1966.
barfly (n.): "habitual drunkard," 1910, from bar (n.2) + fly (n.).
black dwarf (n.): in astrophysics, a kind of dead and lightless star, 1966.
carfax (n.): see carrefour.
Darfur: region in Sudan, named for its people, from Arabic dar, literally "house" + Fur, ethnic name of the indigenous African population.
dwarf (n.): Old English dweorh, dweorg (West Saxon), duerg (Mercian), "very short human being," from Proto-Germanic *dweraz (cognates: Old Frisian dwerch, Old Saxon dwerg, Old High German twerg, German Zwerg, Old Norse dvergr), perhaps from PIE *dhwergwhos "something tiny," but with no established cognates outside Germanic. The mythological sense is 1770, from German (it seems never to have developed independently in English).
Whilst in this and other ways the dwarfs do at times have dealings with mankind, yet on the whole they seem to shrink from man; they give the impression of a downtrodden afflicted race, which is on the point of abandoning its ancient home to new and more powerful invaders. There is stamped on their character something shy and something heathenish, which estranges them from intercourse with christians. They chafe at human faithlessness, which no doubt would primarily mean the apostacy from heathenism. In the poems of the Mid. Ages, Laurin is expressly set before us as a heathen. It goes sorely against the dwarfs to see churches built, bell-ringing ... disturbs their ancient privacy; they also hate the clearing of forests, agriculture, new fangled pounding-machinery for ore. ["Teutonic Mythology," Jacob Grimm, transl. Stallybrass, 1883]
The shift of the Old English guttural at the end of the word to modern -f is typical (compare enough, draft). Old English plural dweorgas became Middle English dwarrows, later leveled down to dwarfs. The use of dwarves for the legendary race was popularized by J.R.R. Tolkien. As an adjective, from 1590s.
dwarf (v.): "to render dwarfish," 1620s, from dwarf (n.); sense of "to cause to look small" is from 1850. Related: Dwarfed; dwarfing.
dwarfish (adj.): 1560s, from dwarf (n.) + -ish. Related: Dwarfishly; dwarfishness.
earful (n.): "a piece of one's mind," 1915, from ear (n.1) + -ful. Ear-bash (v.) is Australian slang (1944) for "talk inordinately" (to someone).
fearful (adj.): mid-14c., "causing fear," from fear (n.) + -ful. Meaning "full of fear, timid" (now less common) also is from mid-14c. As a mere emphatic, from 1630s. Related: Fearfully; fearfulness.
garfish (n.): mid-15c., from gar + fish (n.).
hoarfrost (n.): c. 1300, hore-forst; see hoar + frost (n.).
parfait (n.): kind of frozen dessert, 1894, French, literally "perfect" (see perfect (adj.)).
scarf (v.): "eat hastily," 1960, U.S. teen slang, originally a noun meaning "food, meal" (1932), perhaps imitative, or from scoff (attested in a similar sense from 1846). Or perhaps from a dialectal survival of Old English sceorfan "to gnaw, bite" (see scarf (n.2)); a similar word is found in a South African context in the 1600s. Related: Scarfed; scarfing.
scarf (n.1): "band of silk, strip of cloth," 1550s, "a band worn across the body or over the shoulders," probably from Old North French escarpe "sash, sling," which probably is identical with Old French escherpe "pilgrim's purse suspended from the neck," perhaps from Frankish *skirpja or some other Germanic source (compare Old Norse skreppa "small bag, wallet, satchel"), or from Medieval Latin scirpa "little bag woven of rushes," from Latin scirpus "rush, bulrush," of unknown origin [Klein]. As a cold-weather covering for the neck, first recorded 1844. Plural scarfs began to yield to scarves early 18c., on model of half/halves, etc.
scarf (n.2): "connecting joint," late 13c., probably from a Scandinavian source (such as Old Norse skarfr "nail for fastening a joint," Swedish skarf, Norwegian skarv). A general North Sea Germanic ship-building word (compare Dutch scherf), the exact relationship of all these is unclear. Also borrowed into Romanic (French écart, Spanish escarba); perhaps ultimately from Proto-Germanic *skarfaz (cognates: Old English sceorfan "to gnaw, bite"), from PIE *(s)ker- (1) "to cut" (see shear (v.)). Also used as a verb.
snarf (v.): "to take, grab," by 1989. Related: Snarfed; snarfing.
starfish (n.): also star-fish, 1530s, from star (n.) + fish (n.).
swarf (n.): "grit from a grinding tool," 1560s, perhaps ultimately from Old English geswearf "filings," from sweorfan, or from a Scandinavian source akin to Old Norse svarf "file dust," related to sverfa "to file," from PIE *swerbh- "to turn, wipe off" (see swerve (v.)). Later used of the material cut out to make grooves of gramophone records (1935).
tearful (adj.): 1580s, from tear (n.1) + -ful. Related: Tearfully; tearfulness.
warf: see Warfarin.
warfare (n.): mid-15c., from war (n.) + fare (see fare (n.)).
Warfarin (n.): 1950, from WARF, acronym from Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation + -arin, from Coumarin. The organization describes itself as "an independent, nonprofit foundation chartered to support research at the U[niversity of] W[isconsin]-Madison and the designated technology transfer organization for the university."
wharf (n.): late Old English hwearf "shore, bank where ships can tie up," earlier "dam, embankment," from Proto-Germanic *hwarfaz (cognates: Middle Low German werf "mole, dam, wharf," German Werft "shipyard, dockyard"); related to Old English hwearfian "to turn," perhaps in a sense implying "busy activity," from PIE root *kwerp- "to turn, revolve" (cognates: Old Norse hverfa "to turn round," German werben "to enlist, solicit, court, woo," Gothic hvairban "to wander," Greek kartos "wrist," Sanskrit surpam "winnowing fan"). Wharf rat is from 1812 as "type of rat common on ships and docks;" extended sense "person who hangs around docks" is recorded from 1836.
wharfinger (n.): "operator or manager of a wharf," 1550s, from wharfage "provision or accomodation at wharves" (mid-15c.), from wharf + agent noun suffix -er (1) + intrusive -n- as in messenger.
zarf (n.): "holder for a coffee cup," 1836, from Arabic zarf "vessel."
parfleche: "(In American Indian culture) a hide, especially a buffalo’s hide, with the hair removed, dried by being stretched on a frame", From Canadian French parflèche, from French parer 'ward off' + flèche 'arrow'.