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admiral: admiral: [13] Admirals originally had nothing specifically to do with the sea. The word comes ultimately from Arabic ’amīr ‘commander’ (from which English later also acquired emir [17]). This entered into various titles followed by the particle -al- ‘of’ (’amīr-al-bahr ‘commander of the sea’, ’amīr-al-mūminīn ‘commander of the faithful’), and when it was borrowed into European languages, ’amīr-al- became misconstrued as an independent, free-standing word.

Moreover, the Romans, when they adopted it, smuggled in their own Latin prefix ad-, producing admiral. When this reached English (via Old French) it still meant simply ‘commander’, and it was not until the time of Edward III that a strong naval link began to emerge. The Arabic title ’amīr-al-bahr had had considerable linguistic influence in the wake of Arabic conquests around the Mediterranean seaboard (Spanish almirante de la mar, for instance), and specific application of the term to a naval commander spread via Spain, Italy, and France to England.

Thus in the 15th century England had its Admiral of the Sea or Admiral of the Navy, who was in charge of the national fleet. By 1500 the maritime connection was firmly established, and admiral came to be used on its own for ‘supreme naval commander’.
=> emir
admire: admire: [16] Admire has rather run out of steam since it first entered the language. It comes originally from the same Latin source as marvel and miracle, and from the 16th to the 18th centuries it meant ‘marvel at’ or ‘be astonished’. Its weaker modern connotations of ‘esteem’ or ‘approval’, however, have been present since the beginning, and have gradually ousted the more exuberant expressions of wonderment. It is not clear whether English borrowed the word from French admirer or directly from its source, Latin admīrārī, literally ‘wonder at’, a compound verb formed from ad- and mīrārī ‘wonder’.
=> marvel, miracle
admit: admit: [15] This is one of a host of words, from mission to transmit, to come down to English from Latin mittere ‘send’. Its source, admittere, meant literally ‘send to’, hence ‘allow to enter’. In the 15th and 16th centuries the form amit was quite common, borrowed from French amettre, but learned influence saw to it that the more ‘correct’ Latin form prevailed.
=> commit, mission, transmit
badminton: badminton: [19] The game of ‘battledore and shuttlecock’ has been around for some time (it appears to go back to the 16th century; the word battledore, which may come ultimately from Portuguese batedor ‘beater’, first turns up in the 15th century, meaning ‘implement for beating clothes when washing them’, but by the 16th century is being used for a ‘small racket’; while shuttlecock, so named because it is hit back and forth, first appears in the early 16th century, in a poem of John Skelton’s).

This was usually a fairly informal, improvised affair, however, and latterly played mainly by children; the modern, codified game of badminton did not begin until the 1860s or 1870s, and takes its name from the place where it was apparently first played, Badminton House, Avon, country seat of the dukes of Beaufort. (A slightly earlier application of the word badminton had been to a cooling summer drink, a species of claret cup.)
administer (v.): late 14c., administren, aministren "to manage as a steward," from Old French amenistrer "help, aid, be of service to" (12c., Modern French administrer, the -d- restored 16c.), and directly from Latin administrare "to help, assist; manage, control, guide, superintend; rule, direct," from ad- "to" (see ad-) + ministrare "serve" (see minister (v.)). Used of medicine, etc., "to give," from 1540s. Related: Administered; administering.
administrate (v.): 1630s, from Latin administratus, past participle of administrare (see administer). In modern use a back-formation from administration. Related: Administrated; administrating.
administration (n.): mid-14c., "act of giving or dispensing;" late 14c., "management, act of administering," from Latin administrationem (nominative administratio) "aid, help, cooperation; direction, management," noun of action from past participle stem of administrare (see administer).

Early 15c. as "management of a deceased person's estate." Meaning "the government" is attested from 1731 in British usage. Meaning "a U.S. president's period in office" is first recorded 1796 in writings of George Washington.
administrative (adj.): 1731, from Latin administrativus, from past participle stem of administrare (see administer). Related: Administratively.
administrator (n.): mid-15c., from Middle French administrateur or directly from Latin administrator "a manager, conductor," agent noun from past participle stem of administrare (see administer). Estate sense is earliest. For ending, see -er.
admirable (adj.): mid-15c., "worthy of admiration," from Middle French admirable (Old French amirable), from Latin admirabilis "admirable, wonderful," from admirari "to admire" (see admiration). In early years it also carried a stronger sense of "awe-inspiring."
admirably (adv.): 1590s, from admirable + -ly (2).
admiral (n.): c. 1200, "Saracen commander or chieftain," from Old French amirail (12c.) "Saracen military commander; any military commander," ultimately from medieval Arabic amir "military commander," probably via Medieval Latin use of the word for "Muslim military leader." Meaning "highest-ranking naval officer" in English is from early 15c. The extension of the word's meaning from "commander on land" to "commander at sea" likely began in 12c. Sicily with Medieval Latin amiratus and then spread to the continent, but the word also continued to mean "Muslim military commander" in Europe in the Middle Ages.

The intrusive -d- probably is from influence of Latin ad-mirabilis (see admire). Italian form almiraglio, Spanish almirante are from confusion with Arabic words in al-. As a type of butterfly, from 1720, possibly a corruption of admirable.
admiralty (n.): "naval branch of the English executive," early 15c., admiralte, from Old French amiralte, from amirail (see admiral).
admiration (n.): early 15c., "wonder," from Middle French admiration (14c.) or directly from Latin admirationem (nominative admiratio) "a wondering at, admiration," noun of state from past participle stem of admirari "admire," from ad- "at" (see ad-) + mirari "to wonder," from mirus "wonderful" (see miracle). The sense has weakened steadily since 16c.
admire (v.): early 15c. (implied in admired), from Middle French admirer (Old French amirer, 14c.), or directly from Latin admirari "to wonder at" (see admiration). Related: Admiring; admiringly.
admirer (n.): c. 1600, agent noun from admire (v.). "In common speech, a lover" [Johnson], a sense recorded from 1704.
admissibility (n.): 1763, from admissible + -ity.
admissible (adj.): 1610s, from Middle French admissible, from past participle stem of Latin admittere (see admit). Legal sense is recorded from 1849.
admission (n.): early 15c., "acceptance, reception, approval," from Latin admissionem (nominative admissio) "a letting in," noun of action from past participle stem of admittere (see admit). Meaning "an acknowledging" is from 1530s. Sense of "a literal act of letting in" is from 1620s. As short for admission price, by 1792.
admit (v.): late 14c., "let in," from Latin admittere "to allow to enter, let in, let come, give access," from ad- "to" (see ad-) + mittere "let go, send" (see mission). Sense of "to concede as valid or true" is first recorded early 15c. Related: Admitted; Admitting.
admittance (n.): 1580s, "the action of admitting," formed in English from admit + -ance (if from Latin, it would have been *admittence; French uses accès in this sense). Used formerly in senses where admission now prevails. Admissure was used in this sense from mid-15c.
admittedly (adv.): 1780, from past participle of admit + -ly (2).
admixture (n.): c. 1600, with -ure, from admix (1530s), a back-formation from admixt (early 15c.), from Latin admixtus "mixed with," past participle of admiscere "to add to by mingling, mix with," from ad- "to" (see ad-) + miscere "to mix" (see mix). In Middle English admixt was mistaken as a past participle of a (then) non-existent *admix. Earlier in this sense was admixtion (late 14c.).
badminton (n.): 1874, from Badminton House, name of Gloucestershire estate of the Duke of Beaufort, where the game first was played in England, mid-19c., having been picked up by British officers from Indian poona. The place name is Old English Badimyncgtun (972), "estate of (a man called) Baduhelm."
cadmium (n.): bluish-white metal, 1822, discovered 1817 by German scientist Friedrich Strohmeyer, coined in Modern Latin from cadmia, a word used by ancient naturalists for various earths and oxides (especially zinc carbonate), from Greek kadmeia (ge) "Cadmean (earth)," from Kadmos "Cadmus," legendary founder of Boeotian Thebes. So called because the earth was first found in the vicinity of Thebes (Kadmeioi was an alternative name for "Thebans" since the time of Homer).
inadmissible (adj.): 1776, from in- (1) "not, opposite of" + admissible. Related: Inadmissibility.
maladministration (n.): also mal-administration, 1640s, from mal- + administration.
re-admission (n.): also readmission, 1650s; see re- + admission.
re-admit (v.): also readmit, 1610s, from re- "back, again" + admit. Related: Readmitted; readmitting.
treadmill (n.): invented (and named) 1822; originally an instrument of prison discipline; from tread (v.) + mill (n.1). Treadwheel as a similar method of driving machinery is from 1570s.
As a corrective punishment, the discipline of the stepping mill has had a most salutary effect upon the prisoners, and is not likely to be easily forgotten, while it is an occupation which by no means interferes with, nor is calculated to lessen the value of, those branches of prison regulation which provide for the moral and religious improvement of the criminal. ["Description of the Tread Mill Invented by Mr. William Cubitt of Ipswich for the Employment of Prisoners," London, 1822]
By later generations regarded as a path to physical fitness.
admin: "The administration of a business, organization, etc", 1940s: abbreviation.
admissibly: "In an admissible way; as is accepted, allowably", Early 19th cent. From admissible + -ly.
admirative: " Grammar . A word, sentence, etc., expressing surprise. Now chiefly: specifically (especially in various languages of the Balkans) the admirative mood; an admirative verbal construction or form", Late 15th cent.; earliest use found in John Skelton (c1460–1529), poet. From Middle French admiratif (adjective) expressing astonishment or its etymon post-classical Latin admirativus expressing astonishment (636 in Isidore), full of astonishment from classical Latin admīrāt-, past participial stem of admīrārī + -īvus.
admixtion: "= admixture", Late Middle English; earliest use found in John Trevisa (c1342–?1402), translator. From classical Latin admixtiōn-, admixtiō admixture from admixt-, past participial stem of admiscēre + -iō. Compare mixtion and commixtion.
admissibleness: "The quality of being admissible; admissibility", Early 19th cent.; earliest use found in Antijacobin Review. From admissible + -ness.
administrant: "That administers (something); acting in the capacity of a minister or administrator. Now rare", Early 17th cent.; earliest use found in William Segar (d. 1633), herald. Partly from French administrant, present participle of administrer, also used as noun in sense ‘person who ministers to, who serves’, and partly from classical Latin administrant-, administrāns, present participle of administrāre, in post-classical Latin also used as noun in sense ‘person who administers, administrator’.