英语词源字典 - 在线词源网站

margarine [margarine 词源字典]: margarine: [19] Margarine was invented in 1869 by the French food technologist Hippolyte Mège-Mouries. Its name was based on margaric acid, a term coined by the French biochemist Michel-Eugène Chevreul for a fatty acid which he believed to be one of the constituents of animal fats (the earliest margarine was made from clarified beef fat). He derived it from Greek margarítēs ‘pearl’ (source also of English marguerite [19], and of the names Margaret and Margot), an allusion to the pearly lustre of the acid crystals. The abbreviation marge dates from the 1920s.
=> marguerite[margarine etymology, margarine origin, 英语词源]
geode (n.): rounded stone with a hollow center lined with crystals, 1670s (in Greek form from 1610s), from French géode, from Latin geodes, name of a certain precious stone, from Greek geodes "earthy, earth-like, with deep soil," from ge "earth" (Homeric gaia; see Gaia) + -oides, adjective suffix, "characterized by" (see -oid). Perhaps so called in reference to the rough crust in which the crystals are hidden. Related: Geodic.
homeomorphism (n.): 1854, from homeomorphous (1832), from homeo- + morphous (see metamorphosis); originally of crystals. Homeomorphic is from 1902.
iodine (n.): 1814, formed by English chemist Sir Humphrey Davy (1778-1829) from French iode "iodine," coined 1812 by French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac from Greek ioeides "violet-colored," from ion "the violet; dark blue flower," + eidos "appearance" (see -oid). Davy added the chemical suffix -ine (2) to make it analogous with chlorine and fluorine. So called from the color of the vapor given off when the crystals are heated.
macromolecule: 1886, from macro- + molecule. Apparently coined in "On Macro-molecules, with the Determinations of the Form of Some of Them," by Anglo-Irish physicist G. Johnstone Stoney (1826â1911). Originally of crystals. Meaning "molecule composed of many atoms" is from 1935, from German makromolekul (1922). Related: Macromolecular.
margarin (n.): 1836, from French margarine, a chemical term given to a fatty substance obtained from animal and vegetable oil, coined by French chemist Michel Eugène Chevreul (1786-1889) in 1813 from (acide) margarique "margaric (acid);" literally "pearly," from Greek margarites "pearl" (see Margaret). So called for the luster of the crystals. Now discarded in this sense as a chemical term, but preserved in margarine.
pentagon (n.): plane figure with five angles and five sides, 1560s, from Middle French pentagone or directly from Late Latin pentagonum "pentagon," from Greek pentagonon, noun use of neuter of adjective pentagonos "five-angled," from pente "five" (see five) + gonia "angle" (see -gon). The U.S. military headquarters Pentagon was completed 1942, so called for its shape; used allusively for "U.S. military leadership" from 1945. Related: Pentagonal.
In nature, pentagonal symmetry is rare in inanimate forms. Packed soap bubbles seem to strive for it but never quite succeed, and there are no mineral crystals with true pentagonal structures. But pentagonal geometry is basic to many living things, from roses and forget-me-nots to sea urchins and starfish. [Robert Bringhurst, "The Elements of Typographic Style," 1992]
zinc (n.): 1650s, zinke, from German Zink, perhaps related to Zinke "prong, point;" said to have been used first by Paracelsus (c. 1526) on analogy of the form of its crystals after smelting. Zinke is from Old High German zint "a point, jag," from Proto-Germanic *teng- "tine" (cognates: Old Norse tindr "point, top, summit," Old English tind "prong, spike"), from PIE *denk- "to bite." Spelling with -c- is from 1813, from French influence.
siderite: "A brown mineral consisting of ferrous carbonate, occurring as the main component of some kinds of ironstone or as rhombohedral crystals in mineral veins", Late 16th century (denoting lodestone): from Greek sidēros 'iron' + -ite¹.
craic: "Variant spelling of crack (sense 4 of the noun)", 1970s: Irish, from English crack. The English word apparently entered Irish English from Scots in the mid 20th century and subsequently assumed an Irish Gaelic form. More crack from Old English:In Old English crack meant ‘make a sudden sharp or explosive noise’. The drug known as crack, or crack cocaine, is a hard crystalline form of cocaine broken into small pieces and smoked. It gets its name from the ‘cracking’ noises the crystals make as they are heated. The ‘crack’ or lively socializing in a pub is an Irish use, first recorded in the 1920s and sometimes written craic, that comes from the Scottish sense ‘chat, conversation’. You can talk about a time very early in the morning as the crack of dawn. The expression is first recorded in the late 19th century, in the form crack of day. The crack here is the crack of a whip, with an additional echo perhaps of break of day and daybreak, and the notion of the sky cracking or breaking open to reveal a sliver of light. The crack of doom is a peal of thunder which, according to the Book of Revelation, will announce the Day of Judgement. See also paper, pop
selenite: "A form of gypsum occurring as transparent crystals or thin plates", Mid 17th century: via Latin from Greek selēnitēs lithos 'moonstone', from selēnē 'moon' + lithos 'stone'.
chrysoberyl: "A greenish or yellowish-green oxide of beryllium and aluminium which occurs as tabular crystals, sometimes of gem quality", Mid 17th century: from Latin chrysoberyllus, from Greek khrusos 'gold' + bērullos 'beryl'.
amphibole: "Any of a class of rock-forming silicate or aluminosilicate minerals typically occurring as fibrous or columnar crystals", Early 19th century: from French, from Latin amphibolus 'ambiguous' (because of the varied structure of these minerals), from Greek amphibolos, from amphi- 'both, on both sides' + ballein 'to throw'.
acmite: "An iron-containing mineral of the pyroxene group, which occurs as dark green, pointed crystals", Early 19th cent. Originally from Swedish Achmit from Greek ἀχμή, supposed variant of ancient Greek ἀκμή point + -it, so called on account of the shape of its crystals. In later use altered after ancient Greek ἀκμή.
pyrites: "A shiny yellow mineral consisting of iron disulphide and typically occurring as intersecting cubic crystals", Late Middle English (denoting a mineral used for kindling fire): via Latin from Greek puritēs 'of fire', from pur 'fire'.
microlite: " Mineralogy . Any of a subgroup of minerals of the pyrochlore group, found in various pegmatites, that are complex oxides of tantalum and niobium with sodium and calcium, often with small amounts of other elements such as uranium and titanium, crystallizing in the cubic system as yellow, brownish, or blackish translucent crystals", Mid 19th cent.; earliest use found in Charles Shepard (1804–1886). From micro- + -lite. In sense 1 so named from the smallness of the crystals in which it was first found.
acicular: "(Chiefly of crystals) needle-shaped", Early 18th century: from late Latin acicula 'small needle' (diminutive of acus) + -ar¹.
chlorite (1): "A dark green mineral consisting of a basic hydrated aluminosilicate of magnesium and iron. It occurs as a constituent of many rocks, typically forming flat crystals resembling mica", Late 18th century: via Latin from Greek khlōritis, a green precious stone.
rhodizite: "A rare mineral containing boron and beryllium, typically occurring in pegmatites as colourless, white, or yellowish crystals associated with rubellite", Mid 19th cent.; earliest use found in London and Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine. From German Rhodizit from Hellenistic Greek ῥοδίζειν to be rose-like (from ancient Greek ῥόδον rose + -ίζειν) + German -it; so called because it colours the flame of a blowpipe red.
baryte: "A mineral consisting of barium sulphate, typically occurring as colourless prismatic crystals or thin white flakes", Late 18th century (as barytes): from Greek barus 'heavy' + endings based on Greek -ites.