英语词源字典 - 在线词源网站

citadel (n.)[citadel 词源字典]: 1580s, "fortress commanding a city," from Middle French citadelle (15c.), from Italian cittadella, diminutive of Old Italian cittade "city" (Modern Italian citta), from Latin civitatem (nominative civitas; also source of Portuguese citadella, Spanish ciuadela; see city).[citadel etymology, citadel origin, 英语词源]
muscatel (n.): 1530s, variant of muskadell (c. 1400), from Old French muscadel, from Old Provençal *muscadel, diminutive of muscat "(grape) with the fragrance of musk" (see muscat).
paddle (n.): c. 1400, padell "small spade," from Medieval Latin padela, of uncertain origin, perhaps from Latin patella "small pan, little dish, plate," diminutive of patina (see pan (n.)).

Meaning "short oar with a wide blade" is from 1620s. As an instrument used for beating clothes (and slaves, and schoolboys), it is recorded from 1828, American English. Paddle-ball attested from 1935.