英语词源字典 - 在线词源网站

marmalade: marmalade: [16] The word marmalade originally denoted ‘quince jam’. It comes via French from Portuguese marmelada, a derivative of marmelo ‘quince’. And marmelo goes back via Latin melimēlum to Greek melímēlon, a term meaning literally ‘honeyapple’ which was applied to the fruit of an apple tree grafted on to a quince (the second element, melon ‘apple’, is the source of English melon). Not until the 17th century was marmalade used for a preserve made from citrus fruits.
=> melon
tarmac: tarmac: [20] The term tarmac commemorates the name of John Loudon McAdam (1756–1836), a Scottish civil engineer who developed a method of levelling roads and covering them with gravel. Setting the gravel in tar produced in the 1880s the term tarmacadam, and in 1903 the abbreviated form tarmac was registered as a trademark. By 1919 the word was being used in British English as a synonym for ‘runway’.
armada (n.): "fleet of warships," 1530s (erroneously, as armado), from Spanish armada "an armed force," from Medieval Latin armata (see army). Especially of the "Invincible Armada" of Philip II of Spain (1588). Current form of the word is from 1590s.
armadillo (n.): 1570s, from Spanish armadillo, diminutive of armado "armored," from Latin armatus, past participle of armare "to arm" (see arm (n.2)). So called for its hard, plated shell.
Armageddon (n.): "a final conflict," 1811, figurative use of name in Rev. xvi:16, place of the great and final conflict, from Hebrew Har Megiddon "Mount of Megiddo," city in central Palestine, site of important Israeli battles.
armament (n.): c. 1600, "munitions of war" (especially the great guns on board a man-of-war), also "naval force equipped for war" (1690s), from Latin armamentum "implement," from Latin armare "to arm, furnish with weapons" from arma (see arm (n.2)). Meaning "process of equipping for war" is from 1813.
armamentarium (n.): 1874, Latin, literally "little arsenal," from armamentum (see armament). Englished as armamentary (1731).
armature (n.): c. 1400, "an armed force," from Latin armatura "armor, equipment," from armatus, past participle of armare "to arm, furnish with weapons" from arma (see arm (n.2)). Meaning "armor" is mid-15c.; that of "protective covering of a plant or animal" is from 1660s. Electromagnetic sense is from 1835.
barmaid (n.): 1650s, from bar (n.2) + maid.
dharma (n.): 1796, in secular sense, "caste custom, right behavior;" in Buddhism and Hinduism, "moral law," from Sanskrit, "law, right, justice," related to dharayati "holds," and cognate with Latin firmus, all from PIE root *dher- (2) "to hold firmly, support" (see firm (adj.)).
disarmament (n.): 1795; see dis- + armament.
earmark (n.): mid-15c., from ear (n.1) + mark (n.1). Originally a cut or mark in the ear of sheep and cattle, serving as a sign of ownership (also a punishment of certain criminals); first recorded 1570s in figurative sense "stamp of ownership."
earmark (v.): 1590s, "to identify by an earmark," from earmark (n.). Meaning "to set aside money for a special purpose" is attested by 1868. Related: Earmarked; earmarking.
karma (n.): 1827, in Buddhism, the sum of a person's actions in one life, which determine his form in the next; from Sanskrit karma "action, work, deed; fate," related to krnoti, Avestan kerenaoiti "makes," Old Persian kunautiy "he makes;" from PIE root *kwer- "to make, form" (see terato-). Related to the second element in Sanskrit.
marmalade (n.): late 15c., from Middle French marmelade, from Portuguese marmelada "quince jelly, marmalade," from marmelo "quince," by dissimilation from Latin melimelum "sweet apple," originally "fruit of an apple tree grafted onto quince," from Greek melimelon, from meli "honey" (see Melissa) + melon "apple" (see malic). Extended 17c. to "preserve made from citrus fruit."
parmaceutics (n.): 1660s, from pharmaceutic (see pharmaceutical); also see -ics.
parmaco-: word-forming element meaning "drug, medicine," also "poison," from Latinized form of Greek pharmako-, comb. form of pharmakon "drug, poison" (see pharmacy).
pharmaceutical (adj.): 1640s (pharmaceutic in the same sense is from 1540s), from Late Latin pharmaceuticus "of drugs," from Greek pharmakeutikos, from pharmakeus "preparer of drugs, poisoner" (see pharmacy). Related: Pharmaceuticals; pharmaceutically.
pharmacist (n.): 1811; see pharmacy + -ist. Replaced obsolete pharmacian (1720). The Latin word was pharmacopola, the Greek pharmakopoles.
pharmacokinetics (n.): 1960, from pharmaco- + kinetic.
pharmacologist (n.): 1728, from pharmacology + -ist.
pharmacology (n.): 1721, formed in Modern Latin (1680s) from pharmaco- + -logy. Related: Pharmacological.
pharmacopeia (n.): also pharmacopoeia, "official book listing drugs and containing directions for their preparation," 1620s, from medical Latin, from Greek pharmakopoiia "preparation of drugs," from pharmakon "drug" (see pharmacy) + poiein "to make" (see poet). First used as a book title by Anutius Foesius (1528-1595) of Basel. Related: Pharmacopeial.
pharmacy (n.): late 14c., "a medicine," from Old French farmacie "a purgative" (13c.), from Medieval Latin pharmacia, from Greek pharmakeia "use of drugs, medicines, potions, or spells; poisoning, witchcraft; remedy, cure," from pharmakeus (fem. pharmakis) "preparer of drugs, poisoner, sorcerer" from pharmakon "drug, poison, philter, charm, spell, enchantment." Meaning "use or administration of drugs" is attested from c. 1400; that of "place where drugs are prepared and dispensed" is first recorded 1833. The ph- was restored 16c. in French, 17c. in English (see ph).
psychopharmacology (n.): also psycho-pharmacology, 1919, from psycho- + pharmacology. Related: Psychopharmacological.
re-armament (n.): also rearmament, 1864; see re- + armament.
Sarmatia: Latin Sarmatia, from Greek Sarmates, name of an ancient tribe which wandered the plains of eastern Europe west of the Volga; later poetically identified with Poland. Related: Sarmatian.
tarmac (n.): 1903, Tarmac, a trademark name, short for tarmacadam (1882) "pavement created by spraying tar over crushed stone," from tar (n.1) + John L. McAdam (see macadam). By 1919, tarmac was being used generally in Great Britain for "runway."
pharmaco-: "Relating to drugs", From Greek pharmakon 'drug, medicine'.
Armagnac: "A type of brandy traditionally made in Aquitaine in SW France", From the former name of a district in Aquitaine.
pharmacopoeia: "An official publication containing a list of medicinal drugs with their effects and directions for their use", Early 17th century: modern Latin, from Greek pharmakopoiia 'art of preparing drugs', based on pharmakon 'drug' + -poios 'making'.
alexipharmac: "= alexipharmic", Late 16th cent.; earliest use found in John Banister (1532/3–?1610), surgeon. As noun from (i) Middle French, French (now rare) alexipharmaque.
alexipharmacal: "= alexipharmic rare", Early 17th cent.; earliest use found in Edward Topsell (d. 1625), Church of England clergyman and author. From post-classical Latin alexipharmacus + -al.