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chapter [chapter 词源字典]: chapter: [13] Ultimately, chapter is the same word as capital. Both came via Old French from Latin capitulum ‘small head’, a diminutive form of caput ‘head’, but whereas capital represents a late, 12th-century borrowing into French in ecclesiastical and legal contexts, chapter is far earlier and therefore shows more differences: in Old French, capitulum became chapitle, later chapitre.

Already in Latin the word was used for ‘section of a book’; the semantic development seems to parallel English head ‘category, section’ (as in ‘heads of agreement’) and the derived heading. The ecclesiastical use of chapter, as a collective term for the canons of a cathedral, originated in the canons’ practice of meeting to read a chapter of Scripture. Latin capitulum in the sense ‘head of a discourse, chapter’ produced the derivative capitulāre ‘draw up under separate headings’.

When its past participle passed into English in the 16th century as the verb capitulate, it was still with this meaning, and it did not narrow down to the more specific ‘make terms of surrender’ until the 17th century.
=> capital, capitulate, cattle, recapitulate[chapter etymology, chapter origin, 英语词源]
adapter (n.): 1801, agent noun from adapt. Electrical engineering sense from 1907.
chapter (n.): c. 1200, "main division of a book," from Old French chapitre (12c.) "chapter (of a book), article (of a treaty), chapter (of a cathedral)," alteration of chapitle, from Late Latin capitulum, diminutive of caput (genitive capitis) "head" (see capitulum). Sense of "local branch" (1815) is from cathedral sense (late 15c.), which seems to trace to convocations of canons at cathedral churches, during which the rules of the order by chapter, or a chapter (capitulum) of Scripture, were read aloud to the assembled. Chapter and verse "in full and thoroughly" (1620s) is a reference to Scripture.
Apterygota: "A group of insects which includes the bristletails and springtails, having a primitive body form without wings and no distinct larval stage", Modern Latin Apterygota, from Greek a- 'not' + pterugōtos 'winged'.
hapten: "A small molecule which, when combined with a larger carrier such as a protein, can elicit the production of antibodies which bind specifically to it (in the free or combined state)", Early 20th century: from Greek haptein 'fasten'.
apterous: "(Of an insect) having no wings", Late 18th century: from Greek apteros (from a- 'without' + pteron 'wing') + -ous.
tetrapterous: "(Of an insect) having two pairs of wings", Early 19th century: from modern Latin tetrapterus (from Greek tetrapteros, from tetra- 'four' + pteron 'wing') + -ous.
Phthiraptera: "An order of insects that is sometimes applied, comprising both the sucking lice and the biting lice", Modern Latin (plural), from Greek phtheir 'louse' + pteron 'wing'.
hapteron: "An organ of attachment in certain aquatic plants, algae, fungi, and lichens; especially the holdfast of an alga or each of the rootlike branches into which the holdfast may be divided", Late 19th cent.; earliest use found in Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society. From scientific Latin haptera, plural, irregularly from ancient Greek ἅπτειν to fasten, after Danish hapterer, plural, German Hapteren, plural.